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Does air pollution influence the success of species translocation? Trace elements, ultrastructure and photosynthetic performances in transplants of a…
2020
Abstract Species translocation can be considered as a primary conservation strategy with reference to in situ conservation. In the case of lichens, translocations often risk to fail due stress factors associated with unsuitable receptor sites. Considering the bioecological characteristics of lichens, air pollution is among the most limiting stress factors. In this study, the forest macrolichen Lobaria pulmonaria was used as a model to test the hypothesis that the translocation of sensitive lichens is effective only in unpolluted environments. At purpose, 500 fragments or whole thalli were translocated in selected beech forests of Central Europe (the Western Carpathians, Slovakia) where the …
Innate antipredator behavior can promote infection in fish even in the absence of predators
2019
Natural enemies—predators and parasites—largely shape the dynamics of ecosystems. It is known that antipredator and antiparasite defense can be mutually conflicting, however consequences of this trade-off for the regulation of infection burden in animals are still poorly understood. We hypothesize that even in the absence of cues from predators, innate antipredator behavior (“ghost of predation past”) interferes with defense against parasites and can enhance the infection risk. As a case study, we explore interactions between a commercial species, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and its parasite, the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Fish–parasite interactions were te…
Integrated management strategies of Meloidogyne incognita and Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici on tomato using a Bacillus firmus-based product and two …
2019
Abstract Because of the restrictions on chemical pesticide use and their negative effects on the environment, as well as on human and animal health, alternative strategies for plant pest and pathogen managements are highly desirable. The objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a commercial formulation of Bacillus firmus strain 1-1582, applied either alone or in combination with oxamyl or fosthiazate, to control the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the fungal plant pathogen Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici under greenhouse conditions during two tomato crop cycles. Application of B. firmus suppressed nematode population levels during the second crop cycle …
European Vegetation Archive (EVA): an integrated database of European vegetation plots
2015
Biurrun, Idoia/0000-0002-1454-0433; Rojo, Maria Pilar Rodriguez/0000-0001-5449-9386; Ermakov, Nikolai/0000-0001-7550-990X; De Sanctis, Michele/0000-0002-7280-6199; Svenning, Jens-Christian/0000-0002-3415-0862; Virtanen, Risto/0000-0002-8295-8217; Agrillo, Emiliano/0000-0003-2346-8346; Onyshchenko, Viktor/0000-0001-9079-7241; Marceno, Corrado/0000-0003-4361-5200; Willner, Wolfgang/0000-0003-1591-8386; Fernandez-Gonzalez, Federico/0000-0003-1234-4065; Jansen, Florian/0000-0002-0331-5185; Swacha, Grzegorz/0000-0002-6380-2954; Dengler, Jurgen/0000-0003-3221-660X; Guarino, Riccardo/0000-0003-0106-9416; Sopotlieva, Desislava/0000-0002-9281-7039; Venanzoni, Roberto/0000-0002-7768-0468; Chytry, Mil…
Performance of secondary parasitoids on chemically defended and undefended hosts
2012
Defensive chemicals produced by plants can travel up the food chain by being sequestered by herbivores, and then in turn being sequestered by their parasitoids. Insect species with wide host ranges are predicted to perform poorly in the face of specific chemical defence. However, a species at a high trophic level is expected to have a wide host range. This creates a conflict for hyperparasitoids, many of which depend on specialized hosts. We studied the performance of two hyperparasitoids, Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis, both of which have wide host ranges, on two host species, one chemically defended and the other not. We predicted that both hyperparasitoids would perform better using the u…
Are grapevine stomata involved in the elicitor-induced protection against downy mildew?
2009
Stomata, natural pores bordered by guard cells, regulate transpiration and gas exchanges between plant leaves and the atmosphere. These natural openings also constitute a way of penetration for microorganisms. In plants, the perception of potentially pathogenic microorganisms or elicitors of defense reactions induces a cascade of events, including H2O2 production, that allows the activation of defense genes, leading to defense reactions. Similar signaling events occur in guard cells in response to the perception of abscisic acid (ABA), leading to stomatal closure. Moreover, few elicitors were reported to induce stomatal closure in Arabidopsis and Vicia faba leaves. Because responses to ABA…
Retroconversion of docosapentaenoic acid (n-6): an alternative pathway for biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in Daphnia magna.
2013
The aim of this study was to assess metabolic pathways for arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) biosynthesis in Daphnia magna. Neonates of D. magna were maintained on [13C] enriched Scenedesmus obliquus and supplemented with liposomes that contained separate treatments of unlabeled docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6), 20:4n-6, linoleic acid (18:2n-6) or oleic acid (18:1n-9). Daphnia in the control treatment, without any supplementary fatty acids (FA) containing only trace amounts of 20:4n-6 (~0.3 % of all FA). As expected, the highest proportion of 20:4n-6 (~6.3 %) was detected in Daphnia that received liposomes supplemented with this FA. Higher availability of 18:2n-6 in the diet increased the proportio…
Immune activation increases susceptibility to oxidative tissue damage in Zebra Finches.
2006
Summary 1The innate immune response involves the production of highly reactive molecules (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, ROS and RNS). These toxic compounds can effectively destroy invading pathogens but can also, non-specifically, target host cells. Tissue damage caused by ROS and RNS can be substantial if the inflammatory response is overactive, potentially inducing a so-called immunopathology. 2In this study, we induced an inflammatory response in Zebra Finches by the way of a LPS injection (lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of Escherichia coli), using as a control a group of birds injected with saline (phosphate-buffered saline). Body mass was measured both before and 24 h afte…
Correlational selection on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors.
2012
9 pages; International audience; Parasites impose a permanent threat for hosts. As a consequence, immune defenses are important for host fitness. However, the immune response can also produce self-damage and impair host fitness if not properly regulated. Effectors that up- and downregulate the immune response should, therefore, evolve in concert, and be under the action of correlational selection. To address this issue, we assessed the shape of the selection operating on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors following an inflammatory challenge in laboratory mice. We found that selection acts on the combination of these two traits as individuals that produced large amount of pro-inflammatory …
Nitric Oxide in Plants: Production and Cross-talk with Ca2+ Signaling
2008
International audience; Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic gas that performs crucial functions in a wide array of physiological processes in animals. The past several years have revealed much about its roles in plants. It is well established that NO is synthesized from nitrite by nitrate reductase (NR) and via chemical pathways. There is increasing evidence for the occurrence of an alternative pathway in which NO production is catalysed from L-arginine by a so far non-identified enzyme. Contradictory results have been reported regarding the respective involvement of these enzymes in specific physiological conditions. Although much remains to be proved, we assume that these inconsistencies can …