Search results for "polymerization"

Hemiesters and hemiamides of maleic and succinic acid: synthesis and application of surfactants in emulsion polymerization with styrene and butyl acr…

1999

Hemiesters and hemiamides of maleic acid with different chain lengths of the hydrophobic alkyl group (R = C8H17, C10H21, C12H25, C16H33) have been synthesized and used as surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. The same polymerization experiments were also carried out using nonreactive surfactants with an analogous succinic structure. The chemical structure of the surfactants was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The melting point and critical micelle concentration of the reactive surfactants described herein were measured. All of the surfactants studied provided good stability of styrene/butyl acrylate latexes, when compared with a reference late…

Methacrylic maleic bifunctional stabilizer in emulsion polymerization

1998

Hyperbranched Polycarbosilanes and Polycarbosiloxanes via Hydrosilylation Polymerization

2009

1991

Polyfunctional chloroformates were applied to the polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. The use of a trifunctional initiator, viz. the chloroformate of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol, led to three-arm star polymers of 2-oxazolines. Two macromolecular initiators, viz. poly(ethylene oxide) with two chloroformate end groups (α-chloroformyl-ω-chloroformyloxypoly(oxyethylene)) with number-average molar masses 350 g/mol ≤ Mn ≤ 6000 g/mol and α-chloroformyl-ω-methoxypoly(oxyethylene) with Mn = 350 and 750 g/mol were applied for the synthesis of poly(2-oxazoline)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-oxazoline) and poly(2-oxazoline)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolyme…

Die bestimmung des zahlenmittels des molekulargewichts von polystyrolen und der kombinationsabbruch bei der polymerisation von styrol

1964

Es wurden Polystyrole durch radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol mit dem Diacylperoxyd der 3-Benzolazobenzoesaure hergestellt. Das Zahlenmittel der Molekulargewichte (Mn, Ext.)wurde durch Extinktionsmessungen erhalten, wenn man zwei aus dem Diacylperoxyd stammende Endgruppen je Makromolekul annimmt. Diese Werte stimmen innerhalb der ublichen Fehlerstreuung mit osmotisch bestimmten Molekulargewichten (Mn,osm.) uberein. Damit ist ein unabhangiger Beweis erbracht, das die untersuchten Polystyrolmakromolekule sich uber den Kombinationsabbruch gebildet haben. Von unfraktionierten und fraktionierten Polystyrolen wurde die Uneinheitlichkeit bestimmt (U = Mη/Mn). Sie ist fur unfraktionierte Polys…

Untersuchungen über die emulsionspolymerisation des acroleins. Polymere acroleine. 15. Mitteilung

1959

Die Polymerisation des Acroleins mit verschiedenen Emulgatortypen wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das eine Losung von Polyacrolein in wasriger schwefliger Saure ein vorzuglicher Emulgator fur die Emulsionspolymerisation von Acrolein mit Redox-Systemen ist. An diesem System wird der Einflus der Emulgatorkonzentration S, der Initiatorkonzentration ci, der Monomerkonzentration und der Temperatur gepruft. Man findet folgende Beziehungen: VBr ∼ S1/5; VBr ∼ c; und VBr ∼ M. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit den nach der Theorie von SMITH und EWART zu erwartenden verglichen und diskutiert. The polymerization of acrolein with several types of emulsifiers has been investigated. There is shown…

1977

The solution polymerization of styrene in methylene dichloride catalysed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid takes place at a high rate even at low catalyst concentration. The S-shaped course of the conversion curves is explained by a reaction mechanism, in which the catalyst rapidly forms an inactive complex with one monomer molecule, and this monomer-acid complex is in equilibrium with the free catalyst molecule from which the propagating species are formed. Therefore, the formation of active initiating species becomes a slow process which depends also on the change of monomer concentration during polymerization. It is assumed that the active initiating species are formed from two or three m…

Polymere ester von Säuren des phosphors, 5. Ringöffnende polymerisation des 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan durch Michaelis-Arbuzov-reaktion

1977

2-Phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (14) was polymerized by benzyl halogenides at temperatures between 120 and 200°C. It was found that the main chain consists predominantly of unexpected ethylene 1,2-ethanediphosphonate units 7; only about 10% of the monomer was incorporated as the expected 2-hydroxyethanephosphonate structure. An insertion mechanism, proposed by Harwood and Patel for the analogous polymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, does not agree with our experimental results. A hypothesis is developed involving a two step addition process, which exclusively occurs at the chain end. Alternating, one monomer molecule is added by a normal Michaelis-Arbuzov-reaction, and then a …

Polyreactions in oriented systems, VIII.. Polymerization of a liquid crystalline monomer under the influence of a high magnetic field

1975

1975

In the polymerization of isobutene catalyzed by aluminium tribromide and in the polymerization of styrene catalyzed by trifluoromethanesulphonic acid it is supposed that an inactive catalyst monomer complex is formed which is in equilibrium with other active species. The monomer complexation of the catalyst explains the S-shaped conversion curves and the complex kinetics of the polymerization. The value of the equilibrium constant Km (complexation constant) expresses what part of the catalyst may take part in the polymerization process as an active initiating species. For the system isobutene/AlBr3, Km was found to be 0,62 1/mol. In the system styrene/CF3SO3H, the high value of the complexa…