Search results for "representative"
showing 10 items of 124 documents
Cognitive Biases and Decision Making in Gambling
2010
Heuristics and cognitive biases can occur in reasoning and decision making. Some of them are very common in gamblers (illusion of control, representativeness, availability, etc.). Structural characteristics and functioning of games of chance favor the appearance of these biases. Two experiments were conducted with nonpathological gamblers. The first experiment was a game of dice with wagers. In the second experiment, the participants played two bingo games. Specific rules of the games favored the appearance of cognitive bias (illusion of control) and heuristics (representativeness and availability) and influence on the bets. Results and implications for gambling are discussed.
Physical activity and depression: a large cross-sectional, population-based study across 36 low- and middle-income countries
2016
Objective: Physical activity (PA) is good for health, yet several small-scale studies have suggested that depression is associated with low PA. A paucity of nationally representative studies investigating this relationship exists, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study explored the global association of PA with depression and its mediating factors. Method: Participants from 36 LMICs from the World Health Survey were included. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken exploring the relationship between PA and depression. Results: Across 178 867 people (mean ± SD age = 36.2 ± 13.5 years; 49.9% male), the prevalence of depression and the prevalenc…
Collective agency and the concept of ‘public’ in public involvement: A practice-oriented analysis
2016
Background Public involvement activities are promoted as measures for ensuring good governance in challenging fields, such as biomedical research and innovation. Proponents of public involvement activities include individual researchers as well as non-governmental and governmental organizations. However, the concept of ‘public’ in public involvement deserves more attention by researchers because it is not purely theoretical: it has important practical functions in the guidance, evaluation and translation of public involvement activities. Discussion This article focuses on collective agency as one property a public as a small group of participants in a public involvement activity could exhib…
Parliamentary Democracy Versus Direct Democracy? : Challenging Liberal, Representative Democracy in the German Bundestag During the Anti-nuclear Demo…
2019
In German politics, concepts of parliamentarism and the relationship between parliamentarism and democracy have evolved since the nineteenth century. Politicians, citizens and scholars have regularly redefined and challenged conceptions of parliament’s task of representation, public debate and legitimate decision-making in different historical circumstances. One such crucial phase in re-evaluating and redefining conceptions of democracy in Germany was the second half of the 1990s, when a vigorous anti-nuclear movement arose. In the German federal parliament, members had to explain their understandings of German democracy. The tradition of liberal, representative democracy was in a conflict …
A practical approach to improve the statistical performance of surface water monitoring networks
2019
The representativeness of aquatic ecosystem monitoring and the precision of the assessment results are of high importance when implementing the EU’s Water Framework Directive that aims to secure a good status of waterbodies in Europe. However, adapting monitoring designs to answer the objectives and allocating the sampling resources effectively are seldom practiced. Here, we present a practical solution how the sampling effort could be re-allocated without decreasing the precision and confidence of status class assignment. For demonstrating this, we used a large data set of 272 intensively monitored Finnish lake, coastal, and river waterbodies utilizing an existing framework for quantifying…
The shape of small sample biases in pricing kernel estimations
2016
AbstractNumerous empirical studies find pricing kernels that are not-monotonically decreasing; the findings are at odds with the pricing kernel being marginal utility of a risk-averse, so-called representative agent. We study in detail the common procedure which estimates the pricing kernel as the ratio of two separate density estimations. In the first step, we analyse theoretically the functional dependence for the ratio of a density to its estimated density; this cautions the reader regarding potential computational issues coupled with statistical techniques. In the second step, we study this quantitatively; we show that small sample biases shape the estimated pricing kernel, and that est…
Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing internet gaming disorder: a critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014).
2016
This commentary paper critically discusses the recent debate paper by Petry et al. (2014) that argued there was now an international consensus for assessing Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Our collective opinions vary considerably regarding many different aspects of online gaming. However, we contend that the paper by Petry and colleagues does not provide a true and representative international community of researchers in this area. This paper critically discusses and provides commentary on (i) the representativeness of the international group that wrote the ‘consensus’ paper, and (ii) each of the IGD criteria. The paper also includes a brief discussion on initiatives that could be taken to…
Future Pedagogues’ Attitudes and Knowledge about Inclusive Education in Spain: an exploratory study
2015
This article analyses the attitudes and knowledge about inclusive education among students reading Pedagogy at the University of Valencia and how these are influenced by participants’ age, gender, and which academic programme or year of study they are in. This research comprises a sample of 182 students from the degree’s four year groups, which guarantee a representativeness of 95%. The principal results indicate that attitudes towards inclusive education among students reading Pedagogy are highly positive. However, they consider the training received insufficient. Regarding the participants of the study, the analysis shows that attitudes towards inclusive education are directly related to …
Social Network Banking : A Case Study of 100 Leading Global Banks
2018
Social media is widely recognized as a challenging new communication technology in both economic and social contexts. The present article explores how banks have exploited this technology in the range of consumer retail banking services offered by 100 leading global banks on the three major social networking sites (SNS): Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Viewing social network (SN) banking as a separate delivery channel and offering a working definition of SN banking, the article shows that banks have been more cautious than other businesses in using SNS. The available services are classified on nine main dimensions: marketing, financial education and advice, information support, customer sup…
Algebraic Structures of Rough Sets in Representative Approximation Spaces
2003
Abstract In this paper a generalized notion of an approximation space is considered. By an approximation space we mean an ordered pair (U, C ), where U is a finite nonempty set and C is a covering of U. According to connections between rough sets and concepts we define two types of approximation operations. Hence we obtain two families of rough sets. We show that these families form lattices in special types of representative approximation spaces. The operations on rough sets defined in the above lattices are analogous to classical operations on sets.