Search results for "substitution"

Substituting a Substitute Currency – The Case of Estonia

2002

This study evaluates substitution of foreign currency balances in Estonia, a transition economy neighbouring countries participating in EMU. The focus is on substitution between dollar and euro balances in the three basic functions of money - unit of account, store of value and means of payment. While traditional models for currency substitution concentrate on substitution between a domestic currency and aggregate foreign currency balances, we look for substitution between the dollar and the euro or euro-related foreign currency balances. We find substitution between dollarization and euroization to be asymmetric in the short run, which suggests that inertia, irreversibility and ratchet eff…

Interaction of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases with the Kinase Interaction Motif of the Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP-SL Provides Substrate Specificity …

1999

ERK1 and ERK2 associate with the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-SL through a kinase interaction motif (KIM) located in the juxtamembrane region of PTP-SL. A glutathione S-transferase (GST)-PTP-SL fusion protein containing the KIM associated with ERK1 and ERK2 as well as with p38/HOG, but not with the related JNK1 kinase or with protein kinase A or C. Accordingly, ERK2 showed in vitro substrate specificity to phosphorylate GST-PTP-SL in comparison with GST-c-Jun. Furthermore, tyrosine dephosphorylation of ERK2 by the PTP-SLDeltaKIM mutant was impaired. The in vitro association of ERK1/2 with GST-PTP-SL was highly stable; however, low concentrations of nucleotides partially dissociated the ERK1/2.P…

Impaired Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) Function Attributable to a Single Amino Acid Alteration in the Peptide TAP Subunit TAP1

2003

Abstract The heterodimeric peptide transporter TAP belongs to the ABC transporter family. Sequence comparisons with the P-glycoprotein and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and the functional properties of selective amino acids in these ABC transporters postulated that the glutamic acid at position 263 and the phenylalanine at position 265 of the TAP1 subunit could affect peptide transporter function. To define the role of both amino acids, TAP1 mutants containing a deletion or a substitution to alanine at position 263 or 265 were generated and stably expressed in murine and human TAP1−/− cells. The different TAP1 mutants were characterized in terms of expression and funct…

Impact of antigen presentation on TCR modulation and cytokine release: implications for detection and sorting of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells using …

2002

Abstract Soluble MHC class I molecules loaded with antigenic peptides are available either to detect and to enumerate or, alternatively, to sort and expand MHC class I-restricted and peptide-reactive T cells. A defined number of MHC class I/peptide complexes can now be implemented to measure T cell responses induced upon Ag-specific stimulation, including CD3/CD8/ζ-chain down-regulation, pattern, and quantity of cytokine secretion. As a paradigm, we analyzed the reactivity of a Melan-A/MART-1-specific and HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cell clone to either soluble or solid-phase presented peptides, including the naturally processed and presented Melan-A/MART-1 peptide AAGIGILTV or the peptide ana…

Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates

2012

In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneur…

EGFP Reporters for Direct and Sensitive Detection of Mutagenic Bypass of DNA Lesions

2020

The sustainment of replication and transcription of damaged DNA is essential for cell survival under genotoxic stress

Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Aeromonas species isolated from humans, water and eels.

2009

Mechanisms of resistance were determined in 33 quinolone-resistant isolates of the species Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas media, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas popoffii and Aeromonas veronii, recovered from humans, freshwater and eels. The quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC genes were sequenced in these resistant strains, as well as in 8 quinolone-sensitive Aeromonas used as controls. All quinolone-resistant Aeromonas carried point mutations in the gyrA QRDR at codon 83, respectively giving rise to substitutions Ser(83)-->Ile (32 strains) or Ser(83)-->Val (1 strain). Almost half of these isolates (48%) carried additional point mutations in…

Sequence diversity in the pe_pgrs genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independent of human T cell recognition.

2014

ABSTRACT The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome includes the large family of pe_pgrs genes, whose functions are unknown. Because of precedents in other pathogens in which gene families showing high sequence variation are involved in antigenic variation, a similar role has been proposed for the pe_pgrs genes. However, the impact of immune selection on pe_pgrs genes has not been examined. Here, we sequenced 27 pe_pgrs genes in 94 clinical strains from five phylogenetic lineages of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). We found that pe_pgrs genes were overall more diverse than the remainder of the MTBC genome, but individual members of the family varied widely in their nucleotide diversity and in…

Fibrilación ventricular con parada cardiorrespiratoria durante la administración de dexmedetomidina

2015

Über den einfluß des substitutionsgrads auf die viskositätszahl (staudinger index) von cellulosenitraten

1962

Es wurden Untersuchungen uber die Abhangigkeit des STAUDINGER-Index vom Stickstoffgehalt in einem [η]-Bereich von 700 bis 4000 (ml·g−1) durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurde gegenuber den bisher in der Literatur vorliegenden Arbeiten eine verbesserte Praparations- und Mestechnik angewandt. Es wurde festgestellt, das der Gang des STAUDINGER-Index mit dem Substitutionsgrad swischen 13,0 und 13,8% geradlinig verlauft und durch folgende Gleichung wiedergegeben werden kann (vgl. Abb. 1): Hierin bezeichnet N den Stickstoffgehalt in %; x ist ein Faktor, der vom Polymerisationsgrad bzw. STAUDINGER-Index bei 13,8% in folgender Weise abhangt (vgl. Abb. 2): Bei Stickstoffgehalten uber 13,8% konnte keine Abhangigk…