Search results for "tolerance"

T cell killing by tolerogenic dendritic cells protects mice from allergy.

2011

It is well established that allergy development can be prevented by repeated low-dose exposure to contact allergens. Exactly which immune mechanisms are responsible for this so-called low zone tolerance (LZT) is not clear, although CD8⁺ suppressor T cells are known to have a role. Here, we show that TNF released by tolerogenic CD11⁺CD8⁺ DCs located in skin-draining lymph nodes is required and sufficient for development of tolerance to contact allergens in mice. DC-derived TNF protected mice from contact allergy by inducing apoptosis in allergen-specific effector CD8⁺ T cells via TNF receptor 2 but did not contribute to the generation and function of the regulatory T cells associated with LZ…

Effective treatment of allergic airway inflammation with Helicobacter pylori immunomodulators requires BATF3-dependent dendritic cells and IL-10

2014

The prevalence of allergic asthma and other atopic diseases has reached epidemic proportions in large parts of the developed world. The gradual loss of the human indigenous microbiota has been held responsible for this trend. The bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is a constituent of the normal gastric microbiota whose presence has been inversely linked to allergy and asthma in humans and experimental models. Here we show that oral or i.p. tolerization with H. pylori extract prevents the airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchoalveolar eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation, and Th2 cytokine production that are hallmarks of allergen-induced asthma in mice. Asthma protection is not conferred by…

Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: differential diagnosis, triggers and implications.

2015

Abstract Non allergy-non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) has become a common and often overrated diagnosis. Skepticism mainly relates to patients with prominent intestinal symptoms in the absence of general or intestinal signs of inflammation. There is consensus that the major wheat sensitivities, celiac disease and wheat allergy, have to be ruled out which may be difficult for wheat allergy. The non-inflammatory intolerances to carbohydrates, mainly lactose and FODMAPs (fermentable oligi-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols), which cause bloating or diarrhoea, can usually be excluded clinically or by simple tests. Recent studies and experimental data strongly indicate that NCWS exists in a s…

Die Verwertbarkeit von Xylit als Nahrungskohlenhydrat und seine Vertr�glichkeit

1961

Die Verwertung von per os gegebenem Xylit wird durch das Auftreten osmotisch bedingter Durchfalle infolge der langsamen Resorption begrenzt. Die Verhaltnisse liegen hier analog wie bei Sorbit, Mannose, Xylose und anderen Kohlenhydraten. 10% Xylit im Futter werden symptomlos vertragen und im Stoffwechsel calorisch verwertet, wie aus Wachstumskurven, Protein-Efficiency und Fortpflanzung hervorgeht. Auch die Verfutterung wesentlich hoherer Xylitdosen bedingt keine anatomisch-histologisch. nachweisbare Schaden. Bei Verfutterung von 15% Xylit im Futter werden hochstens Spuren Xylit im Harn ausgeschieden.

Mitigating DDoS using weight‐based geographical clustering

2020

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have for the last two decades been among the greatest threats facing the internet infrastructure. Mitigating DDoS attacks is a particularly challenging task as an attacker tries to conceal a huge amount of traffic inside a legitimate traffic flow. This article proposes to use data mining approaches to find unique hidden data structures which are able to characterize the normal traffic flow. This will serve as a mean for filtering illegitimate traffic under DDoS attacks. In this endeavor, we devise three algorithms built on previously uncharted areas within mitigation techniques where clustering techniques are used to create geographical clusters …

In vitro study of alloreactivity and microchimerism after injection of dendritic cells and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in a combination of Lewis-Wis…

1998

p Natural polyphenols as anti-inflammatory agents p

2009

Celiac Disease is a worldwide spread condition affecting 1:100-1:200 individuals. It is a permanent food intolerance to ingested gluten in genetically predisposed subjects. In this review we analyze the biochemical markers of the disease going from laboratory findings to histology passing through genetics. Gluten intolerance is a unique model of autoimmune disease in which we can recognize the main environmental factor (gluten) and the more complex genetic background. In additional way, serological markers for monitoring the disease and a safe and effective therapy (gluten free diet) are also available. In deed the environmental factor such as gluten intake is necessary to trigger the disea…

Induction of tolerogenic DCs: ‘you are what you eat’

2003

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) take up antigens using antigen receptors that can be divided into three major classes: C-type lectins, integrins and Fc receptors. These receptors facilitate effective presentation of MHC–peptide complexes to T cells, resulting in the induction of immune responses. However, we discuss recent evidence that some receptors also cause induction of tolerance. Signaling motifs within the receptors either block maturation of DCs or induce signals that render DCs tolerogenic. These DCs then either induce regulatory T cells or cause deletion of effector T cells, resulting in the induction of tolerance. Antigen receptors expressed by DCs might therefore have an importan…

The role of ICOS in directing T cell responses: ICOS-dependent induction of T cell anergy by tolerogenic dendritic cells.

2009

Abstract Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in maintaining peripheral T cell tolerance in steady-state conditions through induction of anergic, IL-10-producing T cells with suppressive properties. ICOS, an activation-induced member of the CD28 family on T cells, is involved in the induction of IL-10, which itself could contribute to induction of anergy and development of suppressive T cells. Therefore, we analyzed the functional role of ICOS in the differentiation process of human CD4+ T cells upon their interaction with tolerogenic DC. We compared the functional properties of CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers and ICOS-deficient patients after stimulation with tolero…

5-Fluorouracil Selectively Kills Tumor-Associated Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Resulting in Enhanced T Cell–Dependent Antitumor Immunity

2010

AbstractMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) accumulate in the spleen and tumor bed during tumor growth. They contribute to the immune tolerance of cancer notably by inhibiting the function of CD8(+) T cells. Thus, their elimination may hamper tumor growth by enhancing antitumor T-cell functions. We have previously reported that some anticancer agents relied on T cell–dependent anticancer responses to achieve maximal efficacy. However, the effect of anticancer agents on MDSC has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we observed that gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) were selectively cytotoxic on MDSC. In vivo, the treatment of tumor-bearing mice with 5FU led to a major decrease …