Search results for "toxin"
showing 10 items of 1434 documents
Down-regulation of transcription factors AP-1, Sp-1, and NF-kappa B precedes myocyte differentiation.
1996
Terminal differentiation of myocytes involves withdrawal from the cell cycle, induction of myogenin expression, and finally formation of myotubes. To study the factors that regulate the initial phase of muscle differentiation, we analyzed the binding activities of transcription factors AP-1, Sp-1, and NF-kappa B in L6, C2C12, and rhabdomyosarcoma BA-Han-1C cells. Temporal changes in transcription factor binding activities were compared to the activation of myogenin promoter-driven CAT reporter gene and the expression level of myogenin, a master gene of myogenic differentiation. We observed a prominent decrease in the nuclear binding activities of AP-1, Sp-1, and NF-kappa B already 12 to 24 …
Cholesterol reporter molecules.
2007
Cholesterol is a major constituent of the membranes in most eukaryotic cells where it fulfills multiple functions. Cholesterol regulates the physical state of the phospholipid bilayer, affects the activity of several membrane proteins, and is the precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the formation of membrane microdomains such as “lipid rafts” and caveolae. However, our current understanding on the membrane organization, intracellular distribution and trafficking of cholesterol is rather poor. This is mainly due to inherent difficulties to label and track this small lipid. In this review, we describe different approaches to detect cholesterol in …
Analysis of trichothecenes in laboratory rat feed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
2015
A method for the determination of seven trichothecenes, neosolaniol (NEO), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), in laboratory rat feed by GC-MS/MS was developed. Sample extraction and purification was performed by an acidified mixture of acetonitrile/water (80-20% v/v). Limits of quantitation (LOQs) were between 1 and 10 μg kg(-1) for all studied trichothecenes. Eight concentration levels between the LOQ and 100 × LOQ were used for the calibration curves. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantitation purposes to compensate the detector signal enhancement obtained fo…
A rapid and sensitive method for the control of selected regulated and emerging mycotoxins in beer
2018
A fast method using automated online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid-chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometric (LC-HRMS) detection for the determination of 12 mycotoxins in beer was developed and fully validated according to the performance criteria set in the European Union (EU) guidelines. Mycotoxin detection was achieved by full-scan HRMS with electrospray ionisation in positive ion mode within 13 min. No significant matrix interferences were observed. The lowest limits of detection (LODs) were achieved for emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins) and ochratoxin A at levels between 0.01 and 0.02 μg/l, while the overall LODs were in the range of 0.01-0.30 μg…
Mycotoxins in cereals and pulses harvested in Latvia by nanoLC-Orbitrap MS
2021
Twenty-seven mycotoxins in unprocessed cereals (n = 110) and pulses (n = 23) harvested in Latvia were analysed by nanoflow liquid chromatography combined with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. One or more mycotoxins were found in 99% of the cereals and 78% of the pulses. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and T-2 and HT-2 toxins were prevalent in 9 to 86% of the cereals, mostly below their maximum levels as set by the European regulations. Non-regulated type A and B trichothecenes were prevalent in 5 to 87% of the cereals, at concentrations of 0.27–83 µg kg−1 and 1.7–4,781 µg kg−1, respectively. Quantification of emerging mycotoxins was also provided. Enniatins were detected in 94% of th…
Identification of acetyl-T-2 toxin, a trichothecene, in moldy rice by HPLC and FDMS
1982
Determination of trichothecenes in chicken liver using gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry
2018
Abstract Chicken meat and edible offal are included in a wide number of preparations in the worldwide cuisine. Among the offal, the liver is one of the most consumed in some countries like Egypt since it is rich in proteins and is an economical source of many essential nutrients for humans. Mycotoxins, secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungi, have the potential to enter human food chain not only with cereal consumption but also through edible tissues from animals fed with mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Accordingly, a rapid method for the determination of eight trichothecenes in chicken liver was developed based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction an…
Development a mitigation strategy of enniatins in pasta under home-cooking conditions
2016
The effect of pasta cooking on the enniatins (ENs) contents was evaluated in white and whole-grain pasta. The cooking of pasta was performed for 10 min in boiling water. ENs were extracted from raw and cooked pasta by Solid-Liquid extraction with acetonitrile, and from cooking water by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Micro-Extraction (DLLME) with a mixture of acetonitrile and carbone tetrachloride. Mycotoxin analysis was performed by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The effect of pasta cooking has a marked influence on the reduction of ENs levels. Reductions of 98–100% for ENA, 94–95% for ENA1, 14–49% for ENB and 53–65% for ENB1 were achieved after the process. ENs were d…