Search results for "toxin"
showing 10 items of 1434 documents
Toxigenic potential of Fusarium culmorum strains isolated from French wheat
2001
Sixty F. culmorum strains were isolated from wheat grains collected from different wheat-growing areas in France and from different cultivars. The isolates were grown on autoclaved wheat grain to assess their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone. Fungal biomass was evaluated through the ergosterol grain content. All the isolates produced zearalenone (0.39-1660 mg kg(-1)). Thirty-five of the 60 F. culmorum produced nivalenol (0.11-11.7 mg kg(-1)), 12 of 60 produced fusarenone X (0.05-8.42 mg kg(-1)), five of 60 produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (0.48-27.7 mg kg(-1)), 13 of 60 produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (0.07-21.0 mg kg(-1) and 24 of 60 produced deoxynivalenol (0.92-51.9 mg k…
Determination of mycotoxins in bee pollen by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
2013
Bee pollen, promoted as a natural food supplement, is consumed increasingly by people to maintain a healthy diet. Depending on environmental conditions, pollen can also be an optimum medium for growth of molds such as Fusarium and Penicillium . A quick, easy, cheap, rapid, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination of eight selected Fusarium toxins in bee pollen was developed and optimized. Recovery studies at 20, 80, and 1000 μg/kg showed values between 73 and 95% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of15% for all studied mycotoxins. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 1 to 4 μg/kg. The proposed metho…
Reduction of beauvericin and enniatins bioaccessibility by prebiotic compounds, evaluated in static and dynamic simulated gastrointestinal digestion
2015
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) present in wheat crispy breads. A microbial fermentation was performed by a BEA- and ENs-producer Fusarium strain, adding inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) at two concentrations (1% and 5%). The bioaccessibility of mycotoxins was determined by static and dynamic simulated gastrointestinal digestion systems, imitating the digestive physiological conditions until the colonic compartment. BEA and ENs were determined in the intestinal fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). BEA and ENs bioaccessibilities in the static model (46.7–61.1% and 6.2–44.9%,…
A chemical approach for the reduction of beauvericin in a solution model and in food systems.
2014
Abstract Beauvericin (BEA) is a bioactive compound produced by the secondary metabolism of several Fusarium strains with a strong antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. This study evaluated the reduction of BEA added at 25 mg/kg in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solutions at pH of 4, 7 and 10, or to different cereal products (kernels and flours) by the bioactive compounds phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). The concentration of the mycotoxin was evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled to the diode array detector (LC-DAD). In solution, BEA reduction ranged from 9% to 94% on a time-dependent fashion and lower pH levels resulted in higher BEA re…
Risk assessment associated to the intake of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins BEA, ENs and FUS present in infant formula of Spanish origin
2012
Abstract Forty-five samples of Spanish follow-up infant formula with different chemical compositions were analyzed determining the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENs) (A, A 1 , B, B 1 ), and fusaproliferin (FUS). The samples were extracted three times with ethyl acetate using an Ultra-turrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a diode array detector (DAD). Results showed that the percentage of the samples contaminated with ENs and FUS were 46.6 and 20.0% respectively, whereas all analyzed samples were free of BEA. The ENs A and B were detected only in one sample with 149.6 and 39.4 mg/kg respectivel…
Influence of the heat treatment on the degradation of the minor Fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin
2012
Abstract Beauvericin (BEA) is a bioactive compound produced by the secondary metabolism of several Fusarium strains and known to have various biological activities. This study investigated the degradation of the minor Fusarium mycotoxin BEA present in the concentration of 5 mg/kg in a model solution and in different crispy breads produced with different flours typologies (corn, hole, wheat, durum wheat, soy and rice) during the heat treatment carried out in an oven at three different temperatures of 160, 180 and 200 °C and at 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 min incubation. The concentration of the bioactive compound studied, analyzed with the technique of the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrome…
Beauvericin degradation during bread and beer making
2013
Abstract Beauvericin (BEA) is a bioactive compound produced by the secondary metabolism of several Fusarium species and known to have various biological activities. This study investigated the degradation of the minor Fusarium mycotoxin BEA present at the concentration of 5 mg/kg in barley and wheat flour during beer and bread making. The influence of the making processes and of the formation of degradation products of BEA were evaluated during the beer and bread making. The concentration of BEA and its evolution during the production processes were determined with the technique of the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS), whereas the formation of the BEA degr…
Study of the potential toxicity of enniatins A, A(1), B, B(1) by evaluation of duodenal and colonic bioavailability applying an in vitro method by Ca…
2010
Abstract The bioavailability of the minor Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (ENs) utilizing an in vitro method which allows the simulation of the small and large intestine tracts has been studied. This method, based on the application of the Caco-2 cells grown alone or in symbiosis with several strains characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract, has permitted to simulate the duodenal and colonic intestinal compartments, respectively. The duodenal bioavailability expressed as absorption value after 4 h of exposure, ranged from 57.7 to 76.8% for EN A, from 68.8 to 70.2% for EN A1, from 65.0 to 67.0% for EN B, and from 62.2 to 65.1% for EN B1. Colonic bioavailability after 48 h of incubation ra…
Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption
2017
In this study, a total of 244 wheat and wheat-based products collected from Romania were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to evaluate the presence of four enniatins (ENs; i.e., ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and beauvericin (BEA). For the wheat samples, the influence of agricultural practices was assessed, whereas the results for the wheat-based products were used to calculate the estimated daily intake of emerging mycotoxins through wheat consumption for the Romanian population. ENB presented the highest incidence (41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products), with its maximum levels of 815 μg kg−1 and 170 μg kg−1 in wheat and wheat-based products,…
Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and their dietary intake through beer consumption by the European population
2014
Abstract Since cereals are raw materials for production of beer and beer-based drinks, the occurrence mycotoxins in 154 beer samples was topic of investigation in this study. The analyses were conducted using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination. The analytical method showed recoveries for vast majority of analytes ranged from 70% to 110%, relative standard deviations lower than 15% and limits of detection from 0.05 to 8 μg/L. A significant incidence of HT-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) were found in 9.1% and 59.7% of total samples, respectively. The exposure of European population to mycotoxins through beer consumption was assessed. No toxicol…