Search results for "visual"
showing 10 items of 7386 documents
Right-handers and left-handers have different representations of their own hand
1998
The visual control of our own hand when dealing with an object and the observation of interactions between other people's hand and objects can be involved in the construction of internal representations of our own hand, as well as in hand recognition processes. Therefore, a different effect on handedness recognition is expected when subjects are presented with hands holding objects with either a congruent or an incongruent type of grip. Such an experiment was carried out on right-handed and left-handed subjects. We expected that the different degree of lateralisation in motor activities observed in the two populations [J. Herron, Neuropsychology of left- handedness, Academic Press, New York…
Beyond decomposition: Processing zero-derivations in English visual word recognition
2019
Four experiments investigate the effects of covert morphological complexity during visual word recognition. Zero-derivations occur in English in which a change of word class occurs without any change in surface form (e.g., a boat-to boat; to soak-a soak). Boat is object-derived and is a basic noun (N), whereas soak is action-derived and is a basic verb (V). As the suffix {-ing} is only attached to verbs, deriving boating from its base, requires two steps, boat(N) > boat(V) > boating(V), while soaking can be derived in one step from soak(V). Experiments 1 to 3 used masked priming at different prime durations to test matched sets of one- and two-step verbs for morphological (soaking-SOA…
Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?
2021
Numerous experiments in the past decades recurrently showed that a transposed-letter pseudoword (e.g., JUGDE) is much more wordlike than a replacement-letter control (e.g., JUPTE). Critically, there is an ongoing debate as to whether this effect arises at a perceptual level (e.g., perceptual uncertainty at assigning letter position of an array of visual objects) or at an abstract language-specific level (e.g., via a level of “open bigrams” between the letter and word levels). Here, we designed an experiment to test the limits of perceptual accounts of letter position coding. The stimuli in a lexical decision task were presented either with a homogeneous letter intensity or with a graded gra…
Do categorical representations modulate early perceptual or later cognitive visual processing? An ERP study.
2021
Abstract Encoding of perceptual categorical information has been observed in later cognitive processing like memory encoding and maintenance, starting around 300 ms after stimulus onset (P300). However, it remains open whether categorical information is also encoded in early perceptual processing steps (reflected in the mismatch negativity component; vMMN). The main goal of this study was to assess the influence of categorical information on both early perceptual (i.e., vMMN component) and later cognitive (i.e., P300 component) processing within one paradigm. Hence, we combined an oddball paradigm with a delayed memory task. We used five-dot patterns belonging to different categories even t…
Modeling visual sampling on in-car displays: The challenge of predicting safety-critical lapses of control
2015
In this article, we study how drivers interact with in-car interfaces, particularly by focusing on understanding driver in-car glance behavior when multitasking while driving. The work focuses on using an in-car touch screen to find a target item from a large number of unordered visual items spread across multiple screens. We first describe a cognitive model that aims to represent a driver?s visual sampling strategy when interacting with an in-car display. The proposed strategy assumes that drivers are aware of the passage of time during the search task; they try to adjust their glances at the display to a time limit, after which they switch back to the driving task; and they adjust their t…
Studying Utility of Personal Usage-History: A Software Tool for Enabling Empirical Research
2007
Managing personal information space and working context is complicated in computerized environment. One well-known cause for the problem is that digital information is superficially fragmented into different data types and structures. Several unifying approaches have been proposed to facilitate semantic connections between them. Particularly in personal information retrieval, temporal information has turned to be useful. Hence, in this article, we present an empirical research setting for studying the utility of representing personal usage-history in information retrieval by comparing it with more traditional hierarchical representation. The research setting is based on a software Tool that…
Introduction: The World as a Stereogram
2014
This paper presents the historically most important theories of how visual perception is made spatial in the cognitive processing of the sensory input to the eye. All of them involve active engagement of the mind. Firstly, in the medieval theories physiological processes developed three-dimensional imagery in the brain, and active mental processing was needed to build coherence in the perceptual experience as a whole but not to yield the basic idea of spatiality. Secondly, according to Descartes, the eyes produced a unified two-dimensional visual image that was neurally transmitted to the inner surface of the brain. The innate conception of three-dimensional spatiality was superimposed inte…
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
2012
In the target article, Andy Clark addresses the question of how a probabilistic predictive coding model of the mind relates to our personal level mental lives. This question, he suggests, is “potentially the most important” (MS46). The question is important indeed, but Clark’s answer fails to capitalize on another possible advantage of this approach. Clark suggests that there is a disconnect between the way the world appears to us, on one hand, and the way that it is represented in the brain, on the other. He deals with this disconnect by limiting the scope of the theory, by pointing out that he is discussing a theory of how brains encode and process information, not a theory about how thin…
Perceptual semantics: A three-level approach
2010
In this work we suggest a model according to which semantics has been already generated during the perception through the interaction of three dynamic levels of perceptual organization. We consider perceptual grouping as the first order processing. Shape formation is considered as the second order processing. Both grouping and shape formation can be considered as two complementary and interrelated processes of perceptual organization. The third — partially overlapping — level is meaning assignment. Most of the results are supported by empirical evidence based on new visual illusions of shape and meaning and are consistent with several other proposals (e.g., [1], [2] and [3]).
David Marr: A Theory for Cerebral Neocortex
1986
This paper is an important contribution to the understanding of the visual system, it contains a part of those ideas which have become the commonly accepted basis of current research. Although some of these principles already had a history in 1970, Marr clearly deserves the credit for their sharp formulation and for a series of attempts leading to a formalization of the problems. His way of dividing the approach into the levels of computational theory, of the algorithm and of the implementation clarified the problems. His creed that human visual processing is modular, and that different types of information, which are encoded in the image can be decoded independently by modules, has been ge…