0000000000021661

AUTHOR

J. Michaelis

Recent epidemiological studies on ionizing radiation and childhood cancer in Germany.

The results from recent epidemiological studies based on the German Childhood Cancer Registry are summarized.An oecological study covers 16 years' incidence of childhood malignancies in areas surrounding nuclear facilities and in matched control regions. Two population-based case control studies explore potential risk factors of childhood leukaemia in the state of Lower Saxony (1988 93) and in all western states of Germany (1992-94).There was no increased incidence of childhood leukaemia and other malignancies in the vicinity of nuclear installations. X-ray examinations during pregnancy and in early childhood were not associated with an increased risk of childhood leukaemia. There were no d…

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Reference Standards for Software Evaluation

AbstractThe field of automated ECG analysis was one of the earliest topics in Medical Informatics and may be regarded as a model both for computer-assisted medical diagnosis and for evaluating medical diagnostic programs. The CSE project has set reference standards of two kinds: In a broad sense, a standard how to perform a comprehensive evaluation study, in a narrow sense, standards as specific references for evaluating computer ECG programs. The evaluation methodology used within the CSE project is described as a basis for presentation of results which are published elsewhere in this issue.

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Qualitätssicherung bei kolorektalen Screeningtests

Am 1.1.1977 wurde in das Programm der Kreborsorgeuntersuchungen in der Bundesrepublik ein Test auf occultes Blut (makroskopisch nicht sichtbare Blutmengen) im Stuhl eingefuhrt, um die haufig vorkommenden Karzinome des Kolons und Rektums sowie deren Vorstufen (Polypen, Adenome) zu entdecken. Hierzu wurde bisher vorwiegend der sogenannte Hamocculttest verwendet, bei dem drei verschiedene Stuhl- proben auf ein mit Guajakharz prapariertes Indikatorpapier aufgebracht werden. Dieser Test wurde in umfangreichen Feldstudien erprobt und hat eine gute Praktikabilitat fur Screeninguntersuchungen gezeigt (4, 7 – 10). Vergleicht man die Ergebnisse verschiedener Feldstudien, so kann man annehmen, das der…

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SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH MULTIPLE GROUP LINEAR AND QUADRATIC DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

Summary A simulation program is described which can be performed to obtain estimates of the different types of misclassification probabilities for multiple group linear and quadratic discriminant analysis. The program can be used to study how these errors depend on sample sizes and the different parameters of the multivariate normal distribution. Examples for several simulation experiments are given and possible conclusions are discussed.

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Schwellenwerte des FRIEDMAN-Tests

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Pilotstudie zur sonogra- phischen Fr�herkennung des Nierenzellkarzinoms

Die zunehmende Zahl der zufallig mit der Ultraschalluntersuchung entdeckter, kleiner, asymptomatischer Nierenzellkarzinome, wirft die Frage der Praktikabilitat und Effektivitat einer systematisierten Screeninuntersuchung des Nierenzellkarzinoms mittels Sonographie auf. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde eine Machbarkeitsstudie im Rahmen des Fruherkennungsprogramms des Bundesministeriums fur Gesundheit initiiert. Methodik: In 2 Stadten, Mainz und Wuppertal, wurde ein Fruherkennungsprogramm fur das Nierenzellkarzinom etabliert, bei dem allen Einwohnern (Alter uber 40 Jahre) eine kostenlose Ultraschalluntersuchung der Nieren angeboten wurde. Das Screening unterteilte sich in 2 Phasen (Laufzeit 1 Jah…

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Die Häufigkeit der Fehlklassifikation bei der quadratischen Diskriminanzanalyse

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Telemetrische Untersuchungen zur Wertigkeit eines Basalblutdruckes bei Hochdruckkranken

Mittels blutdruckelemetrischer Langzeitmessungen konnten wir an 26 Hochdruckkranken zeigen, das der Basisblutdruck nach Smirk durch eine Modifikation des Entspannungsblutdrucks nach Meesmann — systolisch wie diastolisch — identisch bestimmt werden kann. Der Basisblutdruck korreliert schlecht zum niedrigsten Wert im Schlaf ebenso wie zu Blutdrucken unter alltaglichen Belastungen. Die noch engste Korrelation lies sich zu einem eher willkurlich herausgegriffenen Gelegenheitsblutdruck aufzeigen; der Gelegenheitsblutdruck scheint — insbesondere als Mittelwert mehrere Messungen — am ehesten eine representative Aussage uber Schwere der Hochdruckkrankheit des Einzelnen zu gestatten.

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Datenaustausch mit Hilfe von Bildschirmtext im Rahmen Eines Bundesweiten Registers für Malignome im Kindesalter

Am Institut fur Medizinische Statistik und Dokumentation der Universitat Mainz (IMSD) werden seit Anfang 1980 alle bei Kindern auftretenden Malignomerkrankungen bundesweit zentral erfast (vergl. MICHAELIS,S. 219 bis 228 in diesem Band). Da das Projekt sowohl den Charakter eines bevolkerungsbezogenen, epidemiologischen Registers, als auch die Funktion eines klinischen Krebs- und Nachsorgeregisters hat, sind die Anforderungen, die an das Dokumentationssystem gestellt werden, von sehr unterschiedlicher Natur.

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Multizentrische Krankheitsregister — Erfahrungen am Beispiel Eines Bundesweiten Registers für Malignome im Kindesalter

Ublicherweise unterscheidet man die bevolkerungsbezogenen (epidemiologischen) Krankheitsregister von den kliniksbezogenen (Nachsorge- oder Verlaufs-) Registern. Aufgabe der epidemiologischen Register ist es, flachendeckend einige wenige Daten gleichartig fur alle Erkrankungsfalle zusammenzufuhren. Damit haben solche Register eine Monitorfunktion, um Erkrankungshaufigkeiten sowie deren raumliche, zeitliche und andere Veranderungen zu erfassen. Das Aufdecken von Besonderheiten in einem epidemiologischen Krankheitsregister lost in der Regel weiterfuhrende Untersuchungen aus, die die Ursachen solcher Besonderheiten aufklaren sollen.

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The FRET-based structural dynamics challenge -- community contributions to consistent and open science practices

Single-molecule F\"{o}rster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has become a mainstream technique for probing biomolecular structural dynamics. The rapid and wide adoption of the technique by an ever-increasing number of groups has generated many improvements and variations in the technique itself, in methods for sample preparation and characterization, in analysis of the data from such experiments, and in analysis codes and algorithms. Recently, several labs that employ smFRET have joined forces to try to bring the smFRET community together in adopting a consensus on how to perform experiments and analyze results for achieving quantitative structural information. These recent efforts includ…

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Screening for renal cell carcinoma using ultrasonography: a feasibility study

OBJECTIVE To assess the practicability and efficacy of systematic screening for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by ultrasonography (US), as more small RCCs are being detected incidentally by US. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A 2-year screening programme for RCC was established for the general population (aged ≥ 40 years) in two German cities, Mainz and Wuppertal. In cooperation with different health insurers, the organisers recruited general practitioners, internists and urologists in private practice who were experienced in and equipped to conduct renal US. The screening was offered in the form of cost-free renal US in the first year and a re-examination in the second. For any equivocal or positive rena…

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Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Childhood and Exposure to Pesticides: Results of a Register-based Case-Control Study in Germany

Previous studies have suggested an association between exposure to pesticides and different types of childhood cancer. This paper presents results from a population-based case-control interview study of parents of children less than 15 years of age, which was conducted in the states of West Germany from 1993 to 1997. Cases were 1,184 children with leukemia, 234 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 940 with a solid tumor; 2,588 controls were also included. Parental occupational exposures were found to be related to childhood cancer regardless of the time period of exposure and the type of cancer. This finding might partially be explained by different recall of past exposures by the parents of ca…

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Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure - results of a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony (Germany)

A population-based case-control study on risk factors for childhood malignancies was used to investigate a previously reported association between elevated indoor radon concentrations and childhood cancer, with special regard to leukaemia. The patients were all children suffering from leukaemia and common solid tumours (nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, central nervous system (CNS) tumours) diagnosed between July 1988 and June 1993 in Lower Saxony (Germany) and aged less than 15 years. Two population-based control groups were matched by age and gender to the leukaemia patients. Long-term (1 year) radon measurements were performed in those homes where the children had been liv…

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Epidemiologie von Hirntumoren im Kindesalter

The German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR) was established in 1980. From 1980 to 1997 4,447 CNS tumours in children below 15 years of age have been reported to the registry. From 1988 to 1997 the average annual incidence was 2.5/100,000 children. This corresponds to 19.2% of the registered diseases. Compared with incidence rates reported from other developed countries one can estimate that there is about 25% underreporting of CNS tumours in the GCCR. This is in contrast to the relatively complete ascertainment of other childhood malignancies (above 95%). Based on 3012 incident cases from 1988 to 1997 the Kaplan-Meier-estimate of 5-year-survival probability is 65% for all CNS tumours and 54…

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Professional Qualification of German Physicians in Medical Informatics

Abstract:In addition to the medical education in the Federal Republic of Germany which includes a compulsory Medical Informatics course there exists a formal program for professional qualification of physicians in Medical Informatics. After two years of clinical practice and 1.5 years of professional training at an authorized institution, a physician may receive in addition to the medical degree a “supplement Medical Informatics”. The qualification requirements are described in detail. Physicians with the additional Medical Informatics qualification perform responsible tasks in their medical domain and serve as partners for fully specialized Medical Informatics ex-’ perts in the solution of…

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Probleme der Massendatenhaltung bei einer epidemiologischen Studie zur kardiologischen Präventivdiagnostik

Es wird der methodische Ansatz des datenverarbeitungstechnischen Teils einer epidemiologischen Grosstudie vorgestellt. Die Zielsetzungen und wichtigsten Merkmale der Studie werden kurz dargestellt. Weiterhin werden die praktischen Randbedingungen fur die Durchfuhrung des Projektes beschrieben. Das Konzept und die Realisierung der Datenspeicherung und des Retrievals werden ausfuhrlich dargestellt und diskutiert. Praktische Erfahrungen aus dem bisherigen Verlauf der Studie schliesen diesen Beitrag ab.

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Association of childhood leukaemia with factors related to the immune system

The childhood peak of common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has been proposed as being a rare response to delayed exposure to a common infection. In this context, factors related to the child’s immune system are of special interest. Information on such factors was obtained in a recent German case-control study comprising more than 1000 children with acute leukaemia. Neither being the first-born child, nor a short duration of breastfeeding, indicators of a deficit in viral contacts during infancy or the number of infectious diseases, were significant risk factors. We observed a strong association with fewer routine immunizations with a 3.2-fold increase for those children getting less than fo…

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The Authors Respond to Olshan and Daniels

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Modelle für Inzidenzschätzungen bei einer Bevölkerung mit stark variierender Altersstruktur - dargestellt am Beispiel des Registers für Malignome im Kindesalter

Am Institut fur Medizinische Statistik und Dokumentation der Universitat Mainz wird seit 1980 ein Register fur Malignome im Kindesalter gefuhrt, in dem alle vor dem 15. Lebensjahr auftretenden bosartigen Erkrankungen aus der Bundesrepublik erfast werden (1,2). Infolge der ausgesprochen guten Kooperation innerhalb der padiatrischen Onkologie, die sich unter anderem mit der Durchfuhrung von 15 multizentrischen Therapiestudien belegen last, ist es gelungen, eine nahezu flachendeckende Erfassung zu realisieren. Neben dem Ziel, ein kliniksorientiertes Register zu schaffen, konnte auch ein bevolkerungsbezogenes epidemiologisches Krebsregister aufgebaut werden, das es ermoglicht, deskriptive und a…

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Towards nation-wide cancer registration in the Federal Republic of Germany

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Screening for renal cell carcinoma using ultrasonography: a feasibility study

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Sonographisches Screening von Nierenzellkarzinomen

Die zunehmende Zahl kleiner und zufallig meist beim Ultraschall entdeckter Nierenzellkarzinome, wirft die Frage auf der Praktikabilitat und Effektivitat einer systematischen Fruherkennungsuntersuchung des Nierenzellkarzinoms mittels Sonographie. Ein 2-Jahres Fruherkennungsprogramm fur das Nierenzellkarzinom (NZK) wurde in den Stadten Mainz und Wuppertal errichtet und der Bevolkerung (Alter > 40 Jahre) kostenlos angeboten. Das Screening wurde in Kooperation mit niedergelassenen Internisten, Allgemeinmediziner und Urologen organisiert und durchgefuhrt. Das Screening beinhaltete eine kostenlose Ultraschalluntersuchung der Nieren, sowie eine Nachuntersuchung nach einem Jahr. Eine Referenzsonogr…

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Multiple primary neoplasms in childhood: data from the German children’s cancer registry

Abstract The German Children’s Cancer Registry (GCCR) has documented all malignancies during the first 15 years of life in Germany since 1980. In a series of 20 388 cancer cases to the end of 1995, 127 children with multiple primary neoplasms up to the age of 15 years were identified. The children were monitored for 82 591 person-years with a mean observation time of 4.1 years. Relative and cumulative risk for the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms were estimated only for the first 15 years of life, as follow-up data beyond childhood are incomplete and valid data on the incidence of cancer in adolescents and adults are not available in Germany. The overall standardised incidence ratio…

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Use of Information from Clinical Trials for an Integrated Cancer Registry

AbstractThe registry of childhood malignancies in the F.R.G. is a combination of a population-based and hospital-based cancer registry. A large amount of the collected data originates from multicenter clinical trials which are integrated into the documentation system of the cancer registry. The paper describes the information flow and the system of data storage which consists of a central database on a departmental system at the registry and of several coordinated peripheral databases on microcomputers at the trial centers. Practical experience shows an increased availability and validity of the data in the registry since the implementation of the system. Aspects of data integrity and secur…

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