38: Drinking Water Source and Cigarette Smoking in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

2006

Multiplicity and history have a detrimental effect on survival in patients with T1G3 bladder tumors selected for conservative treatment.

2008

Purpose: In the absence of Tis tumor we assessed whether history and multiplicity have a detrimental effect on conservative treatment in carefully selected patients with T1G3 bladder carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between January 1976 and December 1999, 165 select patients with T1G3 bladder tumors were conservatively treated with transurethral resection plus adjuvant intravesical therapy. Patients with concomitant or previous Tis, previous T1G3, tumor size greater than 3 cm and more than 3 lesions were excluded from analysis. Repeat transurethral resection was not routinely performed. However, cytology had to be negative for atypia before the start of adjuvant intravesical therapy. Resul…

Biological aggressiveness evaluation in prostate carcinomas: immunohistochemical analysis of PCNA and p53 in a series of Gleason 6 (3+3) adenocarcino…

2003

We selected 63 prostate tumors with Gleason's grade 6 (3+3), commonly showing both tubular and cribrous patterns. We compared in both patterns the expression of two of the most used biologic markers: PCNA and p53, with the aim to verify the validity of the Gleason's grading system to compare the morphologic grade with biologic aggressiveness and prognostic value. We did not find any statistical difference in the protein immunopositivity, indicating that both patterns could have identical biologic behaviour; then we confirmed the validity of Gleason's system for considering both tubular and cribrous patterns as an intermediate grade of tumoral differentiation. Moreover, we found a linear rel…

Oral chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma patients unwilling to be admitted to hospital.

2008

<i>Objectives:</i> To investigate the safety and efficacy in terms of PSA response of a low-dose oral combination of estramustine phosphate (EMP) and etoposide (VP16) in hormone- refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients. Well-tolerated outpatient chemotherapy regimens for patients unfit and/or unwilling to be admitted to hospital are needed. <i>Methods:</i> Fifty-six HRPC patients with metastatic disease (median age 75 years) were randomized between arm A (daily oral EMP 10 mg/kg, in 3 doses) and arm B (28-day cycle with low-dose EMP 3 mg/kg once daily plus VP16 25 mg/m<sup>2</sup> once daily on days 1 through 14). Baseline characteristics between the t…

Treatment of Severe Post-Prostatectomy Stress Urinary Incontinence Using Advance Sling

2010

Severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is usually treated by the implant of artificial sphincter positioned around bulbar urethra. AdVance sling is a functional, non-obstructive, anti-incontinence device that showed good results especially for mild and moderate SUI. We present our experience with AdVance sling in 7 patients with severe SUI unfit for artificial sphincter. Our results, after a follow-up of more than 6 months, showed a continence rate of 28% and an improvement rate of 43%, while 2 patients did not show any benefit. The success of AdVance sling depends on the integrity of urethral sphincter and can be applied also in selected cases for the treatment of severe post-prostatect…

Preliminary report of a multicentric study on environmental risk factors in Ta-T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

2006

<i>Objective:</i> The distribution of potential environmental risk factors among patients affected by superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) has been analyzed. <i>Methods:</i> Patients affected by superficial TCCB underwent TUR and early intravesical chemotherapy. Detailed data about age, sex, residence, employment, active and passive cigarette smoking, water resource and hair dye use were centralized. Analysis has been conducted on 474 patients affected by Ta-T1 G1-2 TCCB at medium risk for recurrence. Patients with primary single Ta G1-2, Tis or T1G3 tumors were excluded from the present analysis. <i>Results:</i> Over 80% of the p…

A 1-year maintenance after early adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy has a limited efficacy in preventing recurrence of intermediate risk non-muscle-i…

2010

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 1-year maintenance after a 6-week cycle of early intravesical chemotherapy, as the role of maintenance in intravesical chemotherapy is debated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May 2002 and August 2003, 577 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMI-BC) underwent transurethral resection (TUR) and early intravesical chemotherapy (epirubicin, 80 mg/50 mL). They were randomized between a 6-week induction cycle and the induction cycle plus maintenance with 10 monthly instillations. In all, 95 patients with T1G3, Tis or single and primary Ta–T1 G1–G2 tumours were excluded; 482 patients at intermediate ri…

PSA and second-line therapy of hormone refractory prostate carcinoma

2001

The aim of the present study was to correlate PSA response with subjective response (bone pain and performance status), in patients treated for hormone refractory carcinoma of the prostate. Twenty-four patients were introduced into the study. Median PSA was 198 ng/ml. Symptom score, performance status and PSA were monitored monthly for 3 months and then 3-monthly. Sixteen patients (66%) showed a PSA response (median value 10 ng/ml). In 8 patients (33%) PSA was 4 ng/ml. In conclusion, PSA response is not always related to subjective improvement and does not always implicate a beneficial effect of the therapy for the patient. Copyright © 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF URINARY LITHIASIS

2007

Urine is a complex balanced solution containing dissociated and non-dissociated solutes. Any variation in urine saturation grade (number of crystals dissolved in a volume of urine), urinary pH and the concentration of crystallization inhibitors can break the normal existing balance and lead to urolithiasis. In the present article we analyze the principal mechanisms (absorptive, renal, resorptive) of hypercalciuria. It will be also shown how heredity directly influences the clinical aspects of cystine, xanthine and oxalate lithiasis and how diet, in association with metabolic disorders, interferes in uric acid and oxalate stone formation. Finally, we report on the roles of urinary tract malf…

Out-patient low-dose oral chemotherapy in hormone refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC) patients unfit for hospital admittance.

2008

Objectives: Well tolerated out-patient regimens for HRPC chemotherapy in elderly patients with geographical difficulties and/or unwilling hospital admission are needed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of a low-dose oral combination of estramustine phosphate (EMP) and etoposide (VP16). Patients: Fifty-six HRPC patients, median age 75 years, were randomized between daily EMP (10mg/kg) – arm A, and low-dose EMP (3mg/kg) plus VP16 (25mg/mq) 2 weeks monthly – arm B. Randomization ratio was 2:3. Median PSA was 41.1 ng/ml. Baseline characteristics between the 2 groups were similar. LHRH therapy was maintained. Antiandrogen was stopped one month before entry.…

PSA reduction (after antibiotics) permits to avoid or postpone prostate biopsy in selected patients

2007

Microscopic foci of prostatitis may induce prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increase. PSA reduction after antibiotics might identify those patients in whom biopsy can be avoided. Ninety-nine patients received ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks, of whom 59 showed PSA reduction. Histology detected small foci of prostatitis in 65% of cases. Carcinoma was found in 40 and 20.3% of patients with unchanged or decreased PSA, respectively (P=0.03). No cancer was detected if PSA decreased below 4 ng/ml or more than 70%. Biopsy can be postponed, with a low risk of missing a cancer, if PSA decreases more than 70% or below 4 ng/ml.

Cigarette Smoking and Drinking Water Source: Correlation with Clinical Features and Pathology of Superficial Bladder Carcinoma

2007

<i>Objective:</i> Water source and cigarette smoking are related to clinical characteristics and pathology of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. <i>Methods:</i> Tumor number, dimension, G-grade, T-stage, recurrences, cigarette smoking and water supply were recorded in patients harboring Ta–T1 G1–3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. <i>Results:</i> Of 577 patients, 61% had multiple and 36% recurrent tumors. Two hundred and forty-one patients (42%) were current smokers and 188 (33%) were former smokers. Bottled water was the only drinkable source for 249 (45%) patients, municipal water supply for 177 (32%), artesian wells for 3…

Uso di mezzo di contrasto ecografico di seconda generazione per identificare la pseudocapsula dei tumori renali.

2004

Correlazione tra dosaggio di paratormone ed elevati valori di PSA prebioptici in pazienti con successivo esito istologico di benignità

2012

The functional relationship between parathyroid glands and prostatic gland is commonly very well known. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between serum levels of PTH and serum levels of PSA in patients with pathological finding of BPH. According to 261 transrectal ultra- sound-guided prostatic biopsies performed from March 2009 to March 2010, 75 patients, responding to our inclusion criteria, were selected. 26 patients (34.6%) ended the study. All patients with high serum levels of PSA (>4 ng/mL), with histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, underwent the assay of serum levels of PTH. We observed high levels of PTH (> 66 pg/mL) in 9 patients (35.2%)

Ruolo dell'ecografia con mezzo di contrasto ecografico nella stadiazione dei tumori vescicali.

2009

Water Chlorination and other environmental factors in bladder cancer. Result of a multicentre study.

2005

Il carcinoma prostatico in Sicilia e Calabria. età, stadiazione e PSA alla diagnosi

2004

Analisi preliminare dei fattori demografici ed eziopatogenetici in pazienti affetti da carcinoma vescicale a medio rischio di recidiva

2004

TERAPIA DI II LINEA NEL CARCINOMA PROSTATICO ORMONOREFRATTARIO (HRPC) CON ESTRAMUSTINA FOSFATO ED ETOPOSIDE. STUDIO DI FASE II DEL GSTU

2005

Predictive value of positive NMP22 in patients with negative cytology and cystoscopy.

2010

Diagnosi precoce del carcinoma prostatico in sicilia e calabria. Dati preliminare di uno studio osservazionale del GSTU e della SSCU.

2004

Fattori di rischio ambientale nel carcinoma vescicale superficiale. Risultati su 577 pazienti sottoposti a chemioterapia endovescicale adiuvante.

2005

Ottimizzazione del timing bioptico dopo primo riscronto di HG-PIN

2005

STUDIO RANDOMIZZATO SUL RUOLO DEL MANTENIMENTO NELLA CHEMIOPROFILASSI ENDOVESCICALE PRECOCE DOPO TUR CON EPIRUBICINA

2006

STUDIO DI FASE II: DOCETAXEL SETTIMANALE COME SECONDA LINEA CHEMIOTERAPICA NEL CARCINOMA PROSTATICO AVANZATO

2006

POSIZIONAMENTO DI PROTESI PENIENA MALLEABILE. RISOLUZIONE DI COMPLICANZA INTRAOPERATORIA

2008

Efficacy of one-year maintenance in early adjuvant chemotherapy for intermediate risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Preliminary results of a ra…

2008

Introduction and Objective: The clinical value of early intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy after TUR of intermediate risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMI TCCB) is well established. On the other hand, the optimal schedule regimen and the role of maintenance are still debated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of one-year maintenance schedule in patients submitted to TUR plus adjuvant early intravesical chemotherapy. Methods: Between May 2002 and August 2003, 577 patients, were recruited. All patients underwent TUR and early (within 6 hours) intravesical chemotherapy with epirubicin at the dose of 80 mg diluted in 60 ml of saline solution. When histology w…

Fattori di rischio ambientale nel carcinoma vescicale superficiale. Risultati su 577 pazienti sottoposti a chemioterapia endovescicale adiuvante

2006

Ruolo della terapia di mantenimento e fattori di rischio ambientale nel carcinoma vescicale superficiale. Pazienti sottoposti a chemioterapia endoves…

2005

Environmental factors in superficial bladder cancer. Preliminary report of a prospective study

2004

Manuale di Urologia e Andrologia. Capitolo 1: Anatomia dell'apparato genito-urinario

2010

Chemioterapia domiciliare nel carcinoma prostatico ormonorefrattario (HRPC). Studio di fase II del gruppo studio tumori urologici (GSTU).

2005

Studio randomizzato sul ruolo del mantenimento nella chemioprofilassi endovescicale precoce dopo TUR con Epirubicina. XVI Congresso Nazionale Società…

2006

Cigarette smoking and drinking water source: Correlation with clinical features and pathology of superficial bladder carcinoma.

2009

Efficacia del mantenimento nella chemioprofilassi endovescicale precode dopo TUR. Risultati di uno studio randomizzato multicentrico.

2007

CHEMIOPROFILASSI PRECOCE CON EPIRUBICINA AD ALTA DOSE NEL CARCINOMA VESCICALE SUPERFICIALE. STUDIO RANDOMIZZATO DEL GSTU

2006

Risultati a lungo termine del trattamento con TUR e terapia endovescicale adiuvante nell’urotelioma vescicale T1G3. Recidiva, progressione e sopravvi…

2007

Studio randomizzato multicentrico: mantenimento mensile per un anno versus induzione per 6 settimane nella chemioprofilasi precoce dopo TUR.

2007

VALUTAZIONE DELLA SENSIBILITà E SPECIFICITà DELLA RISONANZA MAGNETICA ENDORETTALE E DELLA ECOGRAFIA TRANSRETTALE NELLA STADIAZIONE DELL'ADENOCARCINOM…

2007

OBJECTIVES. Nowadays endorectal probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have better resolutions, which allows to acquire high-level images of prostate and to improve the MRI sensitivity and specificity to determine the cancer volume and the extraprostatic extension. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of endorectal MRI for identifying the local extension of prostate carcinoma compared to transrectal sonography (TRUS) of prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 81 patients with clinical suspect of cancer and/or elevated values of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), who underwent endorectal MRI with 1.5 T endorectal probe…

Prostatite clinicamente silente (INH IV) ed elevazione del PSA.

2006

Localizzazione S1 di Herpes Zooster: un raro caso di ritenzione urinaria.

2011

Donna di 46 anni con ritenzione urinaria acuta e stipsi. Presentava piccola vescicola sul dorso del piede sinistro quale unica manifestazione di localizzazione di virus Herpes Zooster a livello sacrale S1. Viene riportato l'esame urodinamico e le risultanze dei test sierologici seriati specifici per l'infezione da virus Varicella Zooster. La paziente è guarita a seguito di terapia specifica con Acyclovir. Il caso riportato dimostra che anche il segmento sacrale S1 contribuisce al controllo della dinamica minzionale

LA CHIRURGIA NELLA MALLATTIA DI LA PEYRONIEE NEL RECURVATUM CONGENITO: IMMAGINI INEDITE

2006

RISULTATI DI UNO STUDIO RANDOMIZZATO SULLA TOSSICITÀ E SUL RUOLO DEL MANTENIMENTO NELLA CHEMIOPROFILASSI ENDOVESCICALE PRECOCE DOPO TUR DI CARCINOMA …

2005

Il regime di mantenimento potenzia l’efficacia della chemioprofilassi endovescicale precoce e induzione settimanale nei confronti delle recidive degl…

2008

SCOPO DEL LAVORO: Malgrado l’efficacia della chemioterapia endovescicale eseguita precocemente dopo la resezione endoscopica di uroteliomi vescicali NMI sia stata confermata da numerosi studi multicentrici, ancora dubbio rimane il ruolo di un ulteriore schema terapeutico di mantenimento nel potenziarne l’efficacia. Ciò rimane ancora più incerto se alla singola instillazione segue un ciclo di instillazioni settimanali. Scopo dello studio è stato valutare l’utilità di uno schema di mantenimento mensile per un anno rispetto alla sola induzione settimanale per 6 settimane in pazienti sottoposti a TUR e chemioprofilassi precoce con epirubicina. MATERIALI E METODI: Sono stati randomizzati 577 paz…

Studio di phase II: Docetaxel settimanale come seconda linea chemioterapia nel carcinoma prostatico avanzato.

2006

La profilassi antibiotica nell’agobiopsia prostatica

2010

Terapia orale domiciliare per il paziente con il carcinoma prostatico ormonorefrattario.

2008

TERAPIA ORALE DOMICILIARE PER IL PAZIENTE CON CARCINOMA PROSTATICO ORMONOREFRATTARIO V. Altieri, V. Serretta, D. Melloni, R. Allegro, G. Morgia, M. Madonia, M. Ferro, A. Siragusa, G. De Grande, L. Orestano, M. Napoli, E. Membri Fondazione GSTU (Napoli) SCOPO DEL LAVORO: Per preservare la qualità di vita del paziente affetto da carcinoma prostatico ormonorefrattario (HRPC) si rendono necessari regimi terapeutici che possano essere eseguiti a domicilio senza frequenti ricoveri ospedalieri, seppur in regime di dayhospital. I vantaggi in termini di sopravvivenza offerti da schemi chemioterapici a base di taxani, pur presenti, sono ad oggi limitati. Scopo del presente studio di fase II è stato q…

SINGOLARE CASO DI TRAUMA PENIENO

2009

INTRODUZIONE Descriviamo il caso di un paziente con presentazione clinica come da rottura dei corpi cavernosi e diagnosi conclusiva di lacerazione della fascia di Buck con associata lesione vascolare. MATERIALI E METODI Paziente di 36 anni, che giunge alla nostra osservazione con ematoma penieno da trauma intercorso durante rapporto sessuale. Dopo esecuzione in urgenza di ecocolor-doppler penieno sospetto per lesione di tonaca albuginea del pene, il paziente viene immediatamente sottoposto a esplorazione chirurgica che rivela la presenza di lacerazione della fascia di Buck con contestuale lesione vascolare; la tonaca albuginea risulta integra. RISULTATI Riportiamo la tecnica chirurgica util…

Attività lavorativa e fattori di rischio ambientale in pazienti affetti da carcinoma vescicale superficiale.

2005

Short and mid-term Functional Outcomes after High-intensity Ultrasound (HiFu) in the treatment of patients with localized advanced prostate cancer

2010

Valore del prelievo della zona di transizione nella diagnosi del carcinoma della prostata :nostra esperienza.

2004

Rari tumori mesenchimanli. Descrizione di 2 casi clinici.

2006

ESTRAMUSTINE PHOSPATE VERSUS INTERMITTENT LOW DOSE ORAL COMBINATION OF ESTRAMUSTINE PHOSPATE AND ETOPOSIDE IN HORMONE REFRACTORY PROSTATE CARCINOMA. …

2006

Fumo, risorsa idrica ed altri fattori di rischio nel carcinoma vescicale superficiale

2004

Drinking water source and cigarette smoking in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

2006

OBJECTIVE: Water source and cigarette smoking are related to clinical characteristics and pathology of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: Tumor number, dimension, G-grade, T-stage, recurrences, cigarette smoking and water supply were recorded in patients harboring Ta-T1 G1-3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. RESULTS: Of 577 patients, 61% had multiple and 36% recurrent tumors. Two hundred and forty-one patients (42%) were current smokers and 188 (33%) were former smokers. Bottled water was the only drinkable source for 249 (45%) patients, municipal water supply for 177 (32%), artesian wells for 38 (7%), spring water for 7 (1%) and mixed source for 89 (…

Il neridronato previene il bone loss durante la terapia antiandrogena condotta per il carcinoma prostatico.

2004

Survival risk factors in T1G3 non-muscle-invasive (NMI) bladder cancer consevatively treated. Long term results.

2008

Introduction: The most relevant risk factor in T1G3 NMI transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) is the presence of Tis. The long term results of conservative management still are a matter of controversy. The role of BCG in preventing progression and death in this category of NMI TCCB is not definitely proved. The published experiences of conservative treatment of high risk TCCB often include unselected patients, small numbers and short follow-up. Immediate radical cystectomy is advocated by many urologists. Objectives: The aim of the study is to identify the survival risk factors in 236 selected patients conservatively treated. Methods: Between January 1976 and December 2005, 236 …

Fumo di sigaretta e risorsa idrica in pazienti affetti da carcinoma vescicale superficiale. XV Congresso Nazionale SIUro, Giardini Naxos 3-6 novembre…

2005

low dose oral chemotherapy for hormone refractory prostate carcnoma.Estramustine phosphate versus estramustine phosphate and etoposide. A randomised …

2006

Fattori di rischio ambientali nella storia naturale del carcinoma vescicale superficiale.

2004

Role of antimicrobial tratment in patients with elevated PSA and normal digital rectal examination.

2006

Il carcinoma prostatico in Calabria e Sicilia.

2004

Trattamento dell'incontinenza urinaria post-prostatectomia di grado severo mediante l'uso di sling tipo "AdVance"

2011

ACCESSO PENO-SCROTALE NELLA CHIRURGIA DEI TRAUMI PENIENI

2009

INTRODUZIONE La traumatologia peniena rappresenta una rara entità che si configura all'interno delle urgenze in urologia. La presentazione clinica è tipica e richiede una terapia chirurgica precoce al fine di evitare alterazioni estetiche e funzionali (1). MATERIALI E METODI Si riporta la nostra esperienza nel trattamento chirurgico dei traumi penieni con tecnica di accesso chirurgico mediano peno-scrotale in sostituzione della classica incisione circonferenziale subcoronale con conseguente degloving penieno. RISULTATI Tutti i pazienti trattati venivano alla nostra osservazione con ematoma penieno, in alcuni casi diffuso anche in sede scrotale e perineale. In un caso non era presente rottur…

RARI TUMORI MESENCHIMALI- DESCRIZIONE DI 2 CASI CLINICI

2006

TERAPIE CONSERVATIVA DELL'UROTELIOMA VESCICALE T1G3. RISULTATI SU 235 PAZIENTI

2006

Studio retrospettico esteso ad oltre 20 anni su BCG o chemioterapia endovescicale in pazienti selezionati affetti da urotelioma vescicale T1G3. Recid…

2007

Diagnosi precoce del carcinoma prostatico in Sicilia e Calabria. Dati preliminari di uno studio osservazionale del GSTU e della SSCU

2004

LA VARICOCELECTOMIA SUBINGUINALE SECONDO MARMAR: IMMAGINI INEDITE

2006

Single dose prulifloxacina can improve BCG tollerability

2010

Tossicità e mantenimento nella chemioprofilassi endovescicale precoce (entro 6 ore) dopo TUR di carcinoma vescicale superficiale.

2006

Chemioterapia adiuvante e fattori di rischio ambientale nel carcinoma vescicale superficiale a medio rischio di recidiva. Uno studio prospettico rand…

2004

LA CHIRURGIA NELLA MALATTIA DI LA PEYRONIE NEL RECURVATUM CONGENITO: IMMAGINI INEDITE

2006

TERAPIA CONSERVATIVA DELL'UROTELIOMA VESCICALE T1G3. RISULTATI SU 235 PAZIENTI

2006

Posizionamento di protesi peniena malleabile. Risoluzione di complicanza intraoperatoria.

2009

ABSTRACT. We report a technique for the solution of an intraoperative complication occurred during penile prosthetic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A 70-year-old patient underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy in 2004 due to a prostate cancer - Gleason 6 (3+3) pT2N0M0. The erectile dysfunction subsequently observed was not responsive to oral or intracavernosal drug administration, so a malleable penile implant surgery was recommended. RESULTS. During the positioning of the left penile cylinder, a septum perforation (cross-over) occurred. Instead of interrupting and postpone surgery in order to allow the septum to recover, we decided to proceed utilizing our technique for a safe pos…

IMMAGINI DI CHIRURGIA ANDROLOGICA

2008

IMMAGINI DI CHIRURGIA ANDROLOGICA

Carcinoma del rene

2009

La chirurgia renale conservativa ha trovato sempre maggiore applicazione nella pratica clinica per tumori di dimensioni < 4 cm di diametro, consentendo livelli di sopravvivenza libera da recidiva e a lungo termine simili a quelli osservati con la nefrectomia radicale. Di contro, esistono alcune evidenze di maggior rischio di insufficienza renale cronica e di malattia cardiovascolare in seguito a nefrectomia radicale; pertanto le recenti raccomandazioni dell’Associazione degli Urologi Americani sconsigliano questa procedura nella maggior parte dei piccoli tumori renali.

Distribution of smoking, water resource and other environmental factors in patients affected by superficial bladder cancer

2004

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The pathogenetic role cancer of sigarette smoking and employment in bladder has been studied, however, that of other environmental factors is not well defined. Case-control studies require high numbers and are expensive. As a preliminary approach to larger case-control studies, the distribution of potential risk factors coming from environmental pollution among patients affected by superficial bladder cancer (TCCB) has been prospectively analized.