Sosiaalinen pääoma ja yksilötason tulokehitys Suomessa

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelemme yksilön sosiaalisista verkostoista muodostuvan sosiaalisen pääoman yhteyttä yksilötason tulokehitykseen. Analyysimme perustuvat vuoden 1986 elinolotutkimukseen osallistuneisiin 20–44 vuotiaisiin työllisiin ja rekisteritietoihin heidän palkkatuloistaan vuosilta 1987–1997. Tutkimuksessa erottelemme toisistaan sitovan ja silloittavan sosiaalisen pääoman muodot. Sitovan sosiaalisen pääoman mittarimme perustuu yksilön mahdollisuuteen saada apua verkostoistaan erilaisissa arkielämän tilanteissa. Silloittavaa sosiaalista pääomaa mittasimme yksilöiden yhdistysjäsenyyksien monipuolisuuden kautta. Analyysit suoritettiin paloittain jatkuvalla linea…

Julkisen sektorin palveluprosessit kevyiksi lean-tuotantomalleilla - mutta kevyttuotteet eivät aina laihduta?

Abating inequalities? : Job quality at the intersection of class and gender in Finland 1977–2013

Globalization with its many side-effects on working life is seen to pose accentuated risks especially for women and low skilled workers – resulting in increasing polarization of job quality. In contrast to “universal theories”, institutional theories claim changes in work life might vary according to the institutional and cultural frameworks which mediate the global pressures of change. This study analyses job quality trends in Finland at the intersection of class and gender. The results, based on the Finnish Quality of Work Life survey (1977–2013), find no clear evidence of polarization. In line with the institutional theory’s prediction of a low risk of polarization in coordinated and in…

Night Work and Mortality: Prospective Study Among Finnish Employees Over the Time Span 1984 to 2008

There is considerable evidence showing that night work is associated with increased morbidity, but only a few studies have focused on its relation to mortality. This study investigates the relationship between the type of working-time arrangement (weekly night work/daytime work) and total and cause-specific mortality among men and women. The data consist of a representative working conditions survey of Finnish employees conducted in 1984 (2286 men/2216 women), which has been combined with register-based follow-up data from Statistics Finland covering the years 1985-2008. In the 1984 survey, the employees were asked if they worked during the night (23:00-06:00 h) and if so, how often. In thi…

Working-Time Regimes and Work-Life Balance in Europe

The organization of times and places of work are key elements of working conditions, and define employees’ possibilities for balancing work and other life spheres. This study analyses several aspects of temporal and spatial flexibility, and their associations with employees’ work-life balance. This study separates four dimensions of temporal flexibility and one indicator of spatial flexibility. The dimensions of temporal flexibility are the number of hours worked, when the hours are worked, work-time intensity, and the degree of working-time autonomy. The workplace flexibility indicator is an index of work locations. Work-life balance is analysed with work-hour fit. The analyses were based …

24/7 Society—The New Timing of Work?

Public debate on societal rhythms, in particular working hours, has been dominated by a (fear) scenario about a shift towards a 24/7 society. Factors such as the services- and information-driven economy, deregulation of opening hours, changes in the rhythms of consumer culture have been expected to disrupt “normal” working time. The term ‘24/7 society’ is part of the popular discussion and occasionally encountered in academic writing as well. 24/7-society is expected to create both new opportunities and new risks. In this chapter, we produce up-to-date literature review to examine how the post-industrial, services-dominated economy changes work and leisure time practices. This chapter also …

Experiments of Reduced Working Hours in Finnish Municipalities

This article examines experiments with shorter working hours in Finnish municipalities between 1996 and 1998. The article focuses on the effects of different working time experiments on employees (work ability), on working units (quality of services) and substitutes recruited during the experiments. The results indicate that shorter working hours reduce job exhaustion, with respect to both 6‐hour shifts and other forms of reduced hours. The participants reported positive changes the quality and availability of services, especially in the case of 6‐hour shifts. In addition, during the experiment, new employees (substitutes) reported improved chances to obtain work in the future; after the ex…

The effect of early career social capital on long-term income development in Finland

PurposeIn this study, the authors examine whether social capital embedded in individuals' social networks is connected to employees' long-term income development in Finland.Design/methodology/approachAnalyses are based on 25–35-year-old employees from the Finnish Living Conditions Survey of 1994 combined with register data on earned incomes from 1995 to 2016. The authors used questions addressing the frequency of meeting parents or siblings, spending free time with co-workers and participation in associational, civic or other societal activities as measures of the extent of network capital. Ordered logistic model was used to examine whether the size and composition of social networks differ…

Is Finland Different? Quality of Work Among Finnish and European Employees

The issue of the quality of work-life has risen in popularity due to concerns about the economic and social sustainability of European societies. Throughout the continent, global competition, technological change and the intensification of work are common developments which are seen to affect the well-being of the workforce. Nevertheless, European countries differ substantially in terms of job quality. According to earlier research, employees in Sweden and Denmark (and to lesser extent in Finland) report a higher quality of work tasks than elsewhere in Europe. The aim of this paper was to investigate, in a cross-national context using multivariate techniques, whether job quality in Finland …

Time pressure, working time control and long-term sickness absence

Objectives Perceived time pressure at work has increased in most European countries during recent decades. Time pressure may be harmful for employees’ health and well-being. The aim of this register-based follow-up study is to investigate whether the effects of time pressure on long sickness absence vary by the level of working time control. Methods The data are taken from the Finnish Quality of Work Life Survey 2003 (n=3400), a representative sample of Finnish employees, combined with a register-based follow-up from Statistics Finland covering the years 2002–2006. In the 2003 survey, employees were asked about their perceived time pressure and to what extent they had control over working t…

Working Hours in Nordic Countries

Polarisoituuko työelämän laatu? Työelämän laatu toimihenkilöiden ja työntekijöiden kokemana 1977-2008

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli suomalaisen aikasarja-aineiston avulla selvittää työelämän laadun muutosta eri palkansaajaryhmissä, erityisesti kiinnittäen huomiota eri sosioekonomisessa asemassa olevien nais- ja miestyöntekijöiden kokemuksiin. Lisäksi tavoitteenamme oli peilata tuloksia kansainväliseen työelämän laadusta käytyyn keskusteluun: koskevatko kansainvälisissä tutkimuksissa havaitut työn laadun muutostrendit suomalaista työelämää? Tutkimusaineistoina käytettiin vuosien 1977, 1984, 1990, 1997, 2003 ja 2008 Tilastokeskuksen suorittamia työolotutkimuksia. Yleisellä tasolla työn laadussa havaittiin melko maltillisia muutoksia yli ajan. Sosio-ekonomisella asemalla ja sukupuolella on edell…

The Nordic difference: Job quality in Europe 1995–2010

Previous empirical research has pointed out that Nordic countries are distinguished from the rest of Europe in terms of job quality. On the other hand, it has been debated whether, in the longer run, the Nordic welfare state is able to insulate workers from globalization effects. This article investigates whether Nordic countries have retained their advantageous position concerning job quality compared with other EU countries. Empirical analyses are based on the European Working Conditions Survey collected in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. We use data on employees in the 15 member states of the EU prior to enlargement in 2004 (n = 61,457). The results partly confirm previous findings of high j…

Liinattuja prosesseja ja formaaleja standardeja : tutkijat harhailemassa työn muutoksen jäljillä

Predictors of time famine among Finnish employees - Work, family or leisure?

The recent survey data indicates that the time famine is a common experience among employees, while the data of time use indicates increased leisure time. Similarly, there are different views on the causes of time famine. Firstly, in working life research time famine is usually explained by increasing requirements of work life. Secondly, in gender studies time famine is considered to be a product of family obligations. Thirdly, some authors interpret time famine as a phenomenon relating to the intensification of leisure. The aim of the study was to examine the extent and causes of time famine among Finnish employees. The analysis was based on the Finnish Use of Time data (1999–2000) and foc…

The rise of lean organisations in Nordic countries : How recent changes in public sector management are shaping working life

Revealing Hidden Curvilinear Relations Between Work Engagement and Its Predictors: Demonstrating the Added Value of Generalized Additive Model (GAM)

Previous studies measuring different aspects of the quality of life have, as a rule, presumed linear relationships between a dependent variable and its predictors. This article utilizes non-parametric statistical methodology to explore curvilinear relations between work engagement and its main predictors: job demands, job control and social support. Firstly, the study examines what additional information non-linear modeling can reveal regarding the relationship between work engagement and the three predictors in question. Secondly, the article compares the explanatory power of non-linear and linear modeling with regard to work engagement. The generalized additive model (GAM), that makes pos…

Työn ja perheen ristiriidat kolmannen sektorin palkkatyössä

Kolmannella sektorilla tehtävän palkkatyön määrä on kasvanut nopeasti viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana. Vuonna 2011 sektorin palkkatyöpanos oli jo noin 77 000 henkilötyövuotta. Tässä artikkelissa tutkimme työn ja perheen yhteensovittamista ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä kolmannen sektorin palkkatyössä. Aineistoina käytämme kolmannen sektorin palkansaajista koostuvaa aineistoa (N = 1 412) ja Tilastokeskuksen keräämä työolotutkimusaineistoa (N = 4 378). Tulostemme mukaan kolmannen sektorin palkansaajien keskuudessa työn ja perheen ristiriidat ovat selvästi muita työmarkkinoita yleisempiä. Keskeinen syy konfliktikokemuksiin ovat kolmannen sektorin työn tekijöilleen asettamat vaatimukset, kuten…

Third-sector job quality: evidence from Finland

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the perceived job quality and job satisfaction among third-sector employees and compare job quality in the third, public and private sector. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on the quality of work life (QWL) survey data gathered by Statistics Finland. The QWL data are complemented with data set collected among third-sector employees. In the sector comparisons percentage shares were used to compare different dimensions of job quality between the sectors. Regression analysis was used to control the structural labour market differences between the sectors. Findings – The results show that job quality in the third sector differs s…

Patterns of Working Time and Work Hour Fit in Europe

The requirements for more flexible and lean forms of production that are able to adapt to demand cycles, both quantitatively and functionally, are common in all advanced economies. At the same time, the flexibilization of working times and work places has become an increasing focus for the analysis of quality of work and life (i.e. work-life balance). This chapter approaches flexibilization as a transition from an industrial to a post-industrial working time regime. The new post-industrial working time regime is usually characterized by deregulation of collective norms, diversification of the length (short and long hours) and pattern of working time (unsocial hours), increasing work intensi…

Organisaatioiden isomorfismi : julkiset organisaatiot ja yhdenmukaisuuden paine

Knowledge Work, Working Time, and Use of Time Among Finnish Dual-Earner Families

The industrial working-time regime is dissolving—not dramatically, but rather as a trend. A new trend is that those in dynamic sectors and in a good labor market position work long hours: Demanding knowledge work appears to require the marginalization of private life. This study investigates the family situation of knowledge workers, the concentration of knowledge workers into family, working time, and use of time in different family types. The analysis is based on the Finnish Use of Time data (1999-2000) using family(spouse)-level data. Compared with other categories of employment, the results suggest only minor quantitative differences between knowledge worker families in working time an…

Child and adolescent time use : a cross-national study

Objective.- This study examined the differences in child and adolescent time use across the following three countries with distinct policy and cultural regimes: Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Background.- Studying children's time use cross-nationally is urgent to better understand how societal contexts influence children's daily lives in ways that affect their future lifestyles, development, and identity formation. Yet previous studies have largely omitted this important question. Method.- The study used 2009 to 015 time-diary data on children aged 10 to 17 from Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom (N = 3,491). Multivariate linear regression models examined (a) between-country an…

Work engagement in eight European countries

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the level and predictors of work engagement among service sector employees in eight European countries.Design/methodology/approachThe work seeks to discover if job demands and resources, i.e. job autonomy and social support, affect work engagement in differing ways in different countries when socio‐demographical variables and work‐related factors are controlled. The study is based on a statistical analysis of survey data from Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK in 2007 (n=7,867). The data represent four economic sectors: retail trade, finance and banking, telecoms and public hospitals.FindingsThe re…

Työn ja työelämän opintokokonaisuus Jyväskylän yliopistossa

Combined effects of shiftwork and individual working time control on long-term sickness absence: a prospective study of finnish employees

Objective To investigate whether the effects of shiftwork on long-term sickness absence vary according to the level of individual working time control (WTC). Methods A representative sample of Finnish employees (1447 men and 1624 women) was combined with a register-based follow-up. A negative binomial model was used in the analysis of long-term sickness absence days. The results were adjusted for various background and work-related factors. Results Individual WTC decreased long-term sickness absence. The higher rate of sickness absences in shiftwork was mainly due to the lower level of WTC. Working time control decreased sickness absence equally in day work and shiftwork. Conclusions The ne…

Työelämän laatua etsimässä

Working hours – tracking the current and future trends

It is important to track the trends of future working hours, since working hours have strong associations to everyday life and work-life interaction, but also to health. In this paper we aim to track the current and future trends in working hours. We discuss the trends through the key dimensions of working hours: the length, timing, tempo and autonomy. We also consider the role of current trends of spatial changes of work. Changes in working time patterns are fostered by several driving factors: globalization and business restructuring challenging the current work organizations, new information technologies, demographic and climate change and the current and future pandemics. The past and c…

Disconnected Lives: Trends in Time Spent Alone in Finland

AbstractDiscussions about social isolation have been extensive over the past few decades. A less sociable nature of social ties has been identified in Western societies. The phenomenon has been associated with demographic changes such as aging and living alone as well as changes in the use of new technologies. In this study we employ representative Finnish Time Use Surveys from three decades, 1987–1988 (n = 1887), 1999–2000 (n = 2673) and 2009–2010 (n = 1887) to examine the trends in social isolation, measured as time spent alone. Our results showed that between 1987 and 2010 the time spent alone increased by 124 min per day. The increase was linear and occurred in nearly all population gro…

Gender differences in child and adolescent daily activities : a cross-national time use study

This study used 2009–2015 time-diary data to examine gender differences in daily activities among children and adolescents aged 10–17 in Finland, Spain and the UK ( N = 3517). In all three countries, boys were significantly more involved in screen-based activities and exercising and girls in domestic work, non-screen educational activities and personal care. Gender differences in socializing time were only significant in the UK, with girls socializing more than boys. Gender gaps within countries were largest in domestic work (UK: 60%; Finland: 58%; Spain: 48%) and exercising (UK: 57%; Finland: 36%; Spain: 27%), followed by educational time (UK: 35%; Finland: 34%; Spain: 18%) and screen-bas…

Engaged or Not? A Comparative Study on Factors Inducing Work Engagement in Call Center and Service Sector Work.

The aim of this study was to compare the possibilities of experiencing positive well-being in call centers and other service sector work. The article focuses on the prevalence of working conditions (job demands, autonomy, and social support) in call centers and at other service sector workplaces and how these factors are related to work engagement. In addition, we examine whether the relationships are divergent in call centers in comparison to other service sector work. Analysis is based on the data provided by the “Quality of Life in Changing Europe” project. The survey data were collected from service sector organizations (retail, banking, and insurance) and a telecom organization’s call …

Yksinäisyys saa hahmon

Yksinäisten Suomi / toimittanut Juho Saari ; kirjoittajat: Juho Saari [ja 14 muuta]. Helsinki : Gaudeamus, 2016.

A Prospective Study of Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Mortality in Finland

Objectives. To estimate the simultaneous effects of social isolation and loneliness on mortality. Methods. We analyzed a representative Finnish sample (n = 8650) from the cross-sectional Living Conditions Survey of 1994, with a 17-year follow-up period (1995–2011), by using Cox regression models adjusted for several possible confounding variables. We examined the possible nonlinear threshold effect of social isolation on mortality. Results. The analyses revealed that social isolation predicted mortality even after we controlled for loneliness and control variables. The connection between social isolation and mortality was linear in nature and there was no synergistic effect between social …