Recent advances of electrochemical and optical biosensors for detection of C-reactive protein as a major inflammatory biomarker
Abstract Early detection of inflammatory mediators including C-reactive protein (CRP) is of great diagnostic importance in many human diseases. CRP elevates very fast in conditions such as tissue injuries, infections, cancers, and renal and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional techniques for detecting CRP are based on antigen–antibody, agglutination, and precipitation reactions. Newer methods based on immunoturbidimetry and immunonephelometry are also time-consuming and relatively expensive. For solving these problems, highly efficient techniques based on CRP-biosensors have been introduced. Here, our aim was to summarize the features of recent biosensors for detection of CRP in biological…
Recent advances on application of peptide nucleic acids as a bioreceptor in biosensors development
Abstract The analogs of DNA are unique biomedical tools that are broadly utilized to develop different types of biosensors. Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are an individual and notable class of nucleic acid analogs due to their unique, novel physicochemical and biochemical characteristics, stability and resistance to nuclease and protease enzymes, significant interactions with complementary strands and remarkable hybridization attributes. Therefore, they are employed in the preparation and fabrication of various types of functional biosensors. In other words, immobilization of PNA as an appropriate diagnostic probe on the surface of electrochemical and optical converters lead to the fabricatio…
Recent advances on HIV DNA vaccines development: Stepwise improvements to clinical trials.
According to WHO (World Health Organization) reports, more than 770,000 people died from HIV and almost 1.7 million people becoming newly infected in the worldwide in 2018. Therefore, many attempts should be done to produce a forceful vaccine to control the AIDS. DNA-based vaccines have been investigated for HIV vaccination by researches during the recent 20 years. The DNA vaccines are novel approach for induction of both type of immune responses (cellular and humoral) in the host cells and have many advantages including high stability, fast and easy of fabrication and absence of severe side effects when compared with other vaccination methods. Recent studies have been focused on vaccine de…
Advances in detection of fastidious bacteria: From microscopic observation to molecular biosensors
Abstract Identification of pathogens and diagnosis of infections are important health challenges, especially in the case of fastidious bacteria which are those difficult-to-grow. A fastidious organism is any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement. Additionally, a fastidious microorganism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in the culture medium. These bacteria can cause serious diseases whose detection and monitoring is critical in many cases. The oldest detection methods are based on simple microscopy observation and staining, after culture on selective growth media, but often do not provide a clear answer. Some new molecular approaches, such as DNA-based seque…
Recent advances on aptamer-based biosensors to detection of platelet-derived growth factor.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), a significant serum cytokine, is an important protein biomarker in diagnosis and recognition of cancer, which straightly rolled in proceeding of various cell transformations, including tumor growth and its development. Fibrosis, atherosclerosis are certain appalling diseases, which PDGF-BB is near to them. Generally, the expression amount of PDGF-BB increases in human life-threatening tumors serving as an indicator for tumor angiogenesis. Thus, identification and quantification of PDGF-BB in biomedical fields are particularly important. Affinity chromatography, immunohistochemical methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), conventional m…
Recent advances on thermosensitive and pH-sensitive liposomes employed in controlled release
Nanotechnology has recently gained lots of interest in drug delivery due to its potential to improve the therapeutic outcomes of various diseases. Particularly, a wide range of different nano-sized vesicles has been investigated for drug delivery. Among them, one of the most attractive and well-investigated nanocarriers are liposomes. Although liposomes have several advantages such as low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility as well as accumulate in tumor site via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, inefficient drug delivery to the target cells could affect the therapeutic purpose of most of conventional liposomal formulations. Therefore, new systems of drug release…