Evidence for Increased neutron and proton excitations between 51−63 Mn

The hyperfine structures of the odd-even 51−63Mnatoms (N=26 −38) were measured using bunched beam collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE, CERN. The extracted spins and magnetic dipole moments have been compared to large-scale shell-model calculations using different model spaces and effective interactions. In the case of 61,63Mn, the results show the increasing importance of neutron excitations across the N=40subshell closure, and of proton excitations across the Z=28shell gap. These measurements provide the first direct proof that proton and neutron excitations across shell gaps are playing an important role in the ground state wave functions of the neutron-rich Mn isotopes. publisher: Els…

The Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) experimental setup at CERN-ISOLDE

The CRIS setup at CERN-ISOLDE is a laser spectroscopy experiment dedicated to the high-resolution study of the spin, hyperfine structure and isotope shift of radioactive nuclei with low production rates (a few per second). It combines the Doppler-free resolution of the in-flight collinear geometry with the high detection efficiency of resonant ionisation. A recent commissioning campaign has demonstrated a 1% experimental efficiency, and as low as a 0.001% non-resonant ionisation. The current status of the experiment and its recent achievements with beams of francium isotopes are reported. The first identified systematic effects are discussed. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: The Collinear …

Resonance ionization schemes for high resolution and high efficiency studies of exotic nuclei at the CRIS experiment

© 2019 This paper presents an overview of recent resonance ionization schemes used at the Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) setup located at ISOLDE, CERN. The developments needed to reach high spectral resolution and efficiency will be discussed. Besides laser ionization efficiency and high resolving power, experiments on rare isotopes also require low-background conditions. Ongoing developments that aim to deal with beam-related sources of background are presented. ispartof: Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms vol:463 pages:398-402 ispartof: location:SWITZERLAND, CERN, Geneva status: published

Evolution of nuclear structure in neutron-rich odd-Zn isotopes and isomers

Collinear laser spectroscopy was performed on Zn (Z=30) isotopes at ISOLDE, CERN. The study of hyperfine spectra of nuclei across the Zn isotopic chain, N=33–49, allowed the measurement of nuclear spins for the ground and isomeric states in odd-A neutron-rich nuclei up to N=50. Exactly one long-lived (&

Measurement of the Spin and Magnetic Moment ofMg31: Evidence for a Strongly Deformed Intruder Ground State

Unambiguous values of the spin and magnetic moment of $^{31}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ are obtained by combining the results of a hyperfine-structure measurement and a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-NMR measurement, both performed with an optically polarized ion beam. With a measured nuclear $g$ factor and spin $I=1/2$, the magnetic moment $\ensuremath{\mu}(^{31}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g})=\ensuremath{-}0.88355(15){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ is deduced. A revised level scheme of $^{31}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ ($Z=12$, $N=19$) with ground state spin/parity ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=1/{2}^{+}$ is presented, revealing the coexistence of 1p-1h and 2p-2h intruder states below 500 keV. Advanced shell-model calculations and th…

Laser and decay spectroscopy of the short-lived isotope Fr214 in the vicinity of the N=126 shell closure

Measurement and microscopic description of odd-even staggering of charge radii of exotic copper isotopes

Isotopes with an odd number of neutrons are usually slightly smaller in size than their even-neutron neighbours. In charge radii of short-lived copper isotopes, a reduction of this effect is observed when the neutron number approaches fifty. The mesoscopic nature of the atomic nucleus gives rise to a wide array of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena. The size of the nucleus is a window into this duality: while the charge radii globally scale as $A^{1/3}$, their evolution across isotopic chains reveals unanticipated structural phenomena [1-3]. The most ubiquitous of these is perhaps the Odd-Even Staggering (OES) [4]: isotopes with an odd number of neutrons are usually smaller in size than …

Nuclear Charge Radius ofBe12

The nuclear charge radius of $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$ was precisely determined using the technique of collinear laser spectroscopy on the $2{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{p}_{1/2,3/2}$ transition in the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ion. The mean square charge radius increases from $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$ to $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$ by $\ensuremath{\delta}⟨{r}_{c}^{2}{⟩}^{10,12}=0.69(5)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ compared to $\ensuremath{\delta}⟨{r}_{c}^{2}{⟩}^{10,11}=0.49(5)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ for the one-neutron halo isotope $^{11}\mathrm{Be}$. Calculations in the fermionic molecular dynamics approach show a strong sensitivity of the charge radius to the structure of $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$. Th…

Precision measurements of the charge radii of potassium isotopes

International audience; Precision nuclear charge radii measurements in the light-mass region are essential for understanding the evolution of nuclear structure, but their measurement represents a great challenge for experimental techniques. At the Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) setup at ISOLDE-CERN, a laser frequency calibration and monitoring system was installed and commissioned through the hyperfine spectra measurement of $^{38–47}$K. It allowed for the extraction of the hyperfine parameters and isotope shifts with better than 1 MHz precision. These results are in excellent agreement with available literature values and they demonstrate the suitability of the CRIS tec…

Nuclear mean-square charge radii of63,64,66,68−82Ga nuclei: No anomalous behavior atN=32

Collinear laser spectroscopy was performed on the ${}^{63,64,66,68\ensuremath{-}82}$Ga isotopes with neutron numbers from $N=32$ to $N=51$. These measurements were carried out at the ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility at CERN. Here we present the nuclear mean-square charge radii extracted from the isotope shifts and, for the lighter isotopes, new spin and moment values. New ground-state nuclear spin and moments were extracted from the hyperfine spectra of ${}^{63,70}$Ga, measured on an atomic transition in the neutral atom. The ground-state spin of ${}^{63}$Ga is determined to be $I=3/2$. Analysis of the trend in the change in mean-square charge radii of the gallium isotopes demonstrates …

Nuclear moments put a new spin on the structure of 131In

Abstract In spite of the high-density and strongly correlated nature of the atomic nucleus, experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that around particular 'magic' numbers of nucleons, nuclear properties are governed by a single unpaired nucleon1,2. A microscopic understanding of the extent of this behaviour and its evolution in neutron-rich nuclei remains an open question in nuclear physics 3-5. A textbook example is the electromagnetic moments of indium (Z = 49) 6, which are dominated by a hole with respect to the proton magic number Z = 50 nucleus. They exhibit a remarkably constant behaviour over a large range of odd-mass isotopes, previously interpreted as pure "single-particle b…

High-resolution laser spectroscopy of Al27–32

Hyperfine spectra of $^\text{27-32}$Al ($Z=13$) have been measured at the ISOLDE-CERN facility via collinear laser spectroscopy using the $3s^23p\ ^2\text{P}^\text{o} _{3/2}\rightarrow 3s^24s\ ^2\text{S}_{1/2}$ atomic transition. For the first time, mean-square charge radii of radioactive aluminum isotopes have been determined alongside the previously unknown magnetic dipole moment of $^{29}$Al and electric quadrupole moments of $^{29,30}$Al. A potentially reduced charge radius at $N=19$ may suggest an effect of the $N=20$ shell closure, which is visible in the Al chain, contrary to other isotopic chains in the $sd$ shell. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations in…

A dedicated decay-spectroscopy station for the collinear resonance ionization experiment at ISOLDE

A newdecay-spectroscopystation(DSS)has been developed to be coupled to the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy (CRIS) beam line at CERN-ISOLDE. The system uses a rotatable wheel with ten 20 mg=cm2 carbon foils as beam implantation sites for the efficient measurement of charged decay products. Silicon detectors are placed on either side of the carbon foil in an optimal geometry to cover a large solid angle for detecting these charged particles. In addition to the silicon detectors at the on-beam axis position, a second pair of off-beam axis detectors are placed at the wheel position 108 deg. away, allowing longer-lived species to be studied. Up to three high purity germanium detector…

A compact linear Paul trap cooler buncher for CRIS

A gas-filled linear Paul trap for the Collinear Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at ISOLDE, CERN is currently under development. The trap is designed to accept beam from both ISOLDE target stations and the CRIS stable ion source. The motivation for the project along with the current design, simulations and future plans, will be outlined. peerReviewed

CRIS: A new method in isomeric beam production

The Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at ISOLDE, CERN, uses laser radiation to stepwise excite and ionize an atomic beam for the purpose of ultra-sensitive detection of rare isotopes, and hyperfine-structure measurements. The technique also offers the ability to purify an ion beam that is heavily contaminated with radioactive isobars, including the ground state of an isotope from its isomer, allowing decay spectroscopy on nuclear isomeric states to be performed. The isomeric ion beam is selected by resonantly exciting one of its hyperfine structure levels, and subsequently ionizing it. This selectively ionized beam is deflected to a decay spectroscopy station (DS…

Spins and Magnetic Moments ofK49andK51: Establishing the1/2+and3/2+Level Ordering BeyondN=28

The ground-state spins and magnetic moments of $^{49,51}\mathrm{K}$ have been measured using bunched-beam high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE CERN. For $^{49}\mathrm{K}$ a ground-state spin $I=1/2$ was firmly established. The observed hyperfine structure of $^{51}\mathrm{K}$ requires a spin $Ig1/2$ and strongly suggests $I=3/2$. From its magnetic moment $\ensuremath{\mu}(^{51}\mathrm{K})=+0.5129(22){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ a spin-parity ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=3/{2}^{+}$ with a dominant $\ensuremath{\pi}1{d}_{3/2}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ hole configuration was deduced. This establishes for the first time the reinversion of the single-particle levels and illustrates the prominen…

An ion cooler-buncher for high-sensitivity collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE

International audience; A gas-filled segmented linear Paul trap has been installed at the focal plane of the high-resolution separator (HRS) at CERN-ISOLDE. As well as providing beams with a reduced transverse emittance, this device is also able to accumulate the ions and release the sample in bunches with a well-defined time structure. This has recently permitted collinear laser spectroscopy with stable and radioactive bunched beams to be demonstrated at ISOLDE. Surface-ionized 39, 44, 46K and 85Rb beams were accelerated to 30keV, mass separated and injected into the trap for subsequent extraction and delivery to the laser setup. The ions were neutralized in a charge exchange cell and exci…

Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments ofCu71,73,75: Inversion ofπ2p3/2andπ1f5/2Levels inCu75

We report the first confirmation of the predicted inversion between the pi2p3/2 and pi1f5/2 nuclear states in the nu(g)9/2 midshell. This was achieved at the ISOLDE facility, by using a combination of in-source laser spectroscopy and collinear laser spectroscopy on the ground states of 71,73,75Cu, which measured the nuclear spin and magnetic moments. The obtained values are mu(71Cu)=+2.2747(8)mu(N), mu(73Cu)=+1.7426(8)mu(N), and mu(75Cu)=+1.0062(13)mu(N) corresponding to spins I=3/2 for 71,73Cu and I=5/2 for 75Cu. The results are in fair agreement with large-scale shell-model calculations.

Simple Nuclear Structure inCd111–129from Atomic Isomer Shifts

Isomer shifts have been determined in ^{111-129}Cd by high-resolution laser spectroscopy at CERN-ISOLDE. The corresponding mean square charge-radii changes, from the 1/2^{+} and the 3/2^{+} ground states to the 11/2^{-} isomers, have been found to follow a distinct parabolic dependence as a function of the atomic mass number. Since the isomers have been previously associated with simplicity due to the linear mass dependence of their quadrupole moments, the regularity of the isomer shifts suggests a higher order of symmetry affecting the ground states in addition. A comprehensive description assuming nuclear deformation is found to accurately reproduce the radii differences in conjunction wi…

Billion-Fold Enhancement in Sensitivity of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Magnesium Ions in Solution

Beta-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is highly sensitive compared to conventional NMR spectroscopy, and may be applied for several elements across the periodic table. Beta-NMR has previously been successfully applied in the fields of nuclear and solid-state physics. In this work, beta-NMR is applied, for the first time, to record an NMR spectrum for a species in solution. 31Mg b-NMR spectra are measured for as few as 10^7 magnesium ions in ionic liquid (EMIM-Ac) within minutes, as a prototypical test case. Resonances are observed at 3882.9 and 3887.2 kHz in an external field of 0.3 T. The key achievement of the current work is to demonstrate that beta-NMR is applicable for the…

Precision Measurement ofLi11Moments: Influence of Halo Neutrons on theLi9Core

The electric quadrupole moment and the magnetic moment of the 11Li halo nucleus have been measured with more than an order of magnitude higher precision than before, |Q| = 33.3(5) mb and mu = +3.6712(3)muN, revealing a 8.8(1.5)% increase of the quadrupole moment relative to that of 9Li. This result is compared to various models that aim at describing the halo properties. In the shell model an increased quadrupole moment points to a significant occupation of the 1d orbits, whereas in a simple halo picture this can be explained by relating the quadrupole moments of the proton distribution to the charge radii. Advanced models so far fail to reproduce simultaneously the trends observed in the r…

Ground-state spins and moments of72,74,76,78Ga nuclei

Laser spectroscopy was performed on the ${}^{72,74,76,78}$Ga isotopes at On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE) facility, CERN. Ground-state nuclear spins and moments were extracted from the measured hyperfine spectra. The results are compared to shell-model calculations, which provide a detailed probe of the nuclear wave function. The spin is established from the shape of the hyperfine structure and the parity inferred from a comparison of shell-model calculations with the measured nuclear moments. The ground states of ${}^{76,78}$Ga are both assigned a spin and parity of ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, while ${}^{74}$Ga is tentatively assigned as ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={3…

Spin and Magnetic Moment ofMg33: Evidence for a Negative-Parity Intruder Ground State

We report on the first determination of the nuclear ground-state spin of $^{33}\mathrm{Mg}$, $I=3/2$, and its magnetic moment, $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ensuremath{-}0.7456(5)\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, by combining laser spectroscopy with nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. These values are inconsistent with an earlier suggested 1 particle-1 hole configuration and provide evidence for a 2 particle-2 hole intruder ground state with negative parity. The results are in agreement with an odd-neutron occupation of the $3/2\text{ }[321]$ Nilsson orbital at a large prolate deformation. The discussion emphasizes the need of further theoretical and experimental investigation of the island of inver…

Tin resonance-ionization schemes for atomic- And nuclear-structure studies

This paper presents high-precision spectroscopic measurements of atomic tin using five different resonance-ionization schemes performed with the collinear resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique. Isotope shifts were measured for the stable tin isotopes from the $5{s}^{2}5{p}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{3}{P}_{0,1,2}$ and ${}^{1}{S}_{0}$ to the $5{s}^{2}5p6s\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{1}{P}_{1},^{3}{P}_{1,2}$ and $5{s}^{2}5p7s{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}}^{1}{P}_{1}$ atomic levels. The magnetic dipole hyperfine constants ${A}_{\mathrm{hf}}$ have been extracted for six atomic levels with electron angular momentum $Jg0$ from the hyperfine structures of nuclear spin $I=1/2$ tin isot…

Laser spectroscopy of francium isotopes at the borders of the region of reflection asymmetry

The magnetic dipole moments and changes in mean-square charge radii of the neutron-rich $^{218m,219,229,231}\text{Fr}$ isotopes were measured with the newly-installed Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) beam line at ISOLDE, CERN, probing the $7s~^{2}S_{1/2}$ to $8p~^{2}P_{3/2}$ atomic transition. The $\delta\langle r^{2}\rangle^{A,221}$ values for $^{218m,219}\text{Fr}$ and $^{229,231}\text{Fr}$ follow the observed increasing slope of the charge radii beyond $N~=~126$. The charge radii odd-even staggering in this neutron-rich region is discussed, showing that $^{220}\text{Fr}$ has a weakly inverted odd-even staggering while $^{228}\text{Fr}$ has normal staggering. This sugges…

Efficient, high-resolution resonance laser ionization spectroscopy using weak transitions to long-lived excited states

Laser spectroscopic studies on minute samples of exotic radioactive nuclei require very efficient experimental techniques. In addition, high resolving powers are required to allow extraction of nu- clear structure information. Here we demonstrate that by using weak atomic transitions, resonance laser ionization spectroscopy is achieved with the required high efficiency (1-10%) and precision (linewidths of tens of MHz). We illustrate experimentally and through the use of simulations how the narrow experimental linewidths are achieved and how distorted resonance ionization spec- troscopy lineshapes can be avoided. The role of the delay of the ionization laser pulse with respect to the excitat…

High-resolution laser spectroscopy with the Collinear Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at CERN-ISOLDE

The Collinear Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at CERN has achieved high-resolution resonance ionisation laser spectroscopy with a full width at half maximum linewidth of 20(1) MHz for 219;221Fr, and has measured isotopes as short lived as 5 ms with 214Fr. This development allows for greater precision in the study of hyperfine structures and isotope shifts, as well as a higher selectivity of singleisotope, even single-isomer, beams. These achievements are linked with the development of a new laser laboratory and new data-acquisition systems. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: High-resolution laser spectroscopy with the Collinear Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (CRIS) exp…

Investigating the large deformation of the 5/2+ isomeric state in Zn73 : An indicator for triaxiality

Opportunities for Fundamental Physics Research with Radioactive Molecules

Molecules containing short-lived, radioactive nuclei are uniquely positioned to enable a wide range of scientific discoveries in the areas of fundamental symmetries, astrophysics, nuclear structure, and chemistry. Recent advances in the ability to create, cool, and control complex molecules down to the quantum level, along with recent and upcoming advances in radioactive species production at several facilities around the world, create a compelling opportunity to coordinate and combine these efforts to bring precision measurement and control to molecules containing extreme nuclei. In this manuscript, we review the scientific case for studying radioactive molecules, discuss recent atomic, mo…

Spins and magnetic moments ofMn58,60,62,64ground states and isomers

The odd-odd $^{54,56,58,60,62,64}\mathrm{Mn}$ isotopes ($Z=25$) were studied using bunched-beam collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE, CERN. From the measured hyperfine spectra the spins and magnetic moments of Mn isotopes up to $N=39$ were extracted. The previous tentative ground state spin assignments of $^{58,60,62,64}\mathrm{Mn}$ are now firmly determined to be $I=1$ along with an $I=4$ assignment for the isomeric states in $^{58,60,62}\mathrm{Mn}$. The $I=1$ magnetic moments show a decreasing trend with increasing neutron number while the $I=4$ moments remain quite constant between $N=33$ and $N=37$. The results are compared to large-scale shell-model calculations using the GXPF1A and…

Analytic response relativistic coupled-cluster theory: the first application to indium isotope shifts

With increasing demand for accurate calculation of isotope shifts of atomic systems for fundamental and nuclear structure research, an analytic energy derivative approach is presented in the relativistic coupled-cluster theory framework to determine the atomic field shift and mass shift factors. This approach allows the determination of expectation values of atomic operators, overcoming fundamental problems that are present in existing atomic physics methods, i.e. it satisfies the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, does not involve any non-terminating series, and is free from choice of any perturbative parameter. As a proof of concept, the developed analytic response relativistic coupled-cluster the…

Laser Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Tin Isotopes: A Discontinuity in Charge Radii across the N=82 Shell Closure

Physical review letters 122(19), 192502 (2019). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.192502

Dipole and quadrupole moments of Cu73–78 as a test of the robustness of the Z=28 shell closure near Ni78

Nuclear spins and precise values of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the ground-states of neutron-rich $^{76-78}$Cu isotopes were measured using the Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at ISOLDE, CERN. The nuclear moments of the less exotic $^{73,75}$Cu isotopes were re-measured with similar precision, yielding values that are consistent with earlier measurements. The moments of the odd-odd isotopes, and $^{78}_{29}$Cu ($N=49$) in particular, are used to investigate excitations of the assumed doubly-magic $^{78}$Ni core through comparisons with large-scale shell-model calculations. Despite the narrowing of the $Z=28$ shell gap between $N\sim45…

Radium ionization scheme development: The first observed autoionizing states and optical pumping effects in the hot cavity environment

© 2018 The Authors This paper reports on resonance ionization scheme development for the production of exotic radium ion beams with the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) of the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility. During the study, autoionizing states of atomic radium were observed for the first time. Three ionization schemes were identified, originating from the 7s2 1S0 atomic ground state. The optimal of the identified ionization schemes involves five atomic transitions, four of which are induced by three resonantly tuned lasers. This is the first hot cavity RILIS ionization scheme to employ optical pumping effects. The details of the spectroscopic studies are described …

Nuclear ground-state spins and magnetic moments ofMg27,Mg29, andMg31

The ground-state spins and magnetic moments of neutron-rich {sup 27}Mg, {sup 29}Mg, and {sup 31}Mg were measured for the first time with laser and {beta}-NMR spectroscopy at ISOLDE/CERN. The hyperfine structure of {sup 27}Mg--observed in fluorescence--confirms previous assignments of the spin I=1/2 and reveals the magnetic moment {mu}{sub I}({sup 27}Mg)=-0.4107(15){mu}{sub N}. The hyperfine structure and nuclear magnetic resonance of optically polarized {sup 29}Mg--observed in the asymmetry of its {beta} decay after implantation in a cubic crystal--give I=3/2 and {mu}{sub I}({sup 29}Mg)=+0.9780(6){mu}{sub N}. For {sup 31}Mg they yield together I=1/2 and {mu}{sub I}({sup 31}Mg)=-0.88355(15){…

Ground-state electromagnetic moments of calcium isotopes

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM

From Calcium to Cadmium: Testing the Pairing Functional through Charge Radii Measurements of Cd100−130

Differences in mean-square nuclear charge radii of $^{100--130}\mathrm{Cd}$ are extracted from high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy of the $5s\text{ }{^{2}S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5p\text{ }{^{2}P}_{3/2}$ transition of the ion and from the $5s5p\text{ }{^{3}P}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s6s\text{ }{^{3}S}_{1}$ transition in atomic Cd. The radii show a smooth parabolic behavior on top of a linear trend and a regular odd-even staggering across the almost complete $sdgh$ shell. They serve as a first test for a recently established new Fayans functional and show a remarkably good agreement in the trend as well as in the total nuclear charge radius.

Charge radii of exotic potassium isotopes challenge nuclear theory and the magic character of N = 32

Nuclear charge radii are sensitive probes of different aspects of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the bulk properties of nuclear matter; thus, they provide a stringent test and challenge for nuclear theory. The calcium region has been of particular interest, as experimental evidence has suggested a new magic number at $N = 32$ [1-3], while the unexpectedly large increases in the charge radii [4,5] open new questions about the evolution of nuclear size in neutron-rich systems. By combining the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy method with $\beta$-decay detection, we were able to extend the charge radii measurement of potassium ($Z =19$) isotopes up to the exotic $^{52}$K ($t_{1…

High-resolution laser spectroscopy of Al27-32

Hyperfine spectra of Al27-32 (Z=13) have been measured at the ISOLDE-CERN facility via collinear laser spectroscopy using the 3s23p2P3/2o→3s24s2S1/2 atomic transition. For the first time, mean-square charge radii of radioactive aluminum isotopes have been determined alongside the previously unknown magnetic dipole moment of Al29 and electric quadrupole moments of Al29,30. A potentially reduced charge radius at N=19 may suggest an effect of the N=20 shell closure, which is visible in the Al chain, contrary to other isotopic chains in the sd shell. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations in the framework of the valence-space in-medium similarity renormalization gro…

Combined high-resolution laser spectroscopy and nuclear decay spectroscopy for the study of the low-lying states inFr206,At202, andBi198

High-resolution laser spectroscopy was performed on $^{206}\mathrm{Fr}$ with the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at CERN-ISOLDE. The hyperfine structure and isotope shift of the ground, first isomeric and second isomeric states were measured. The hyperfine components were unambiguously assigned to each nuclear state by means of laser-assisted nuclear decay spectroscopy. The branching ratios in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay of $^{206}\mathrm{Fr}$ and $^{202}\mathrm{At}$ were also measured for the first time with isomerically purified beams. The extracted hindrance factors allow determination of the spin of the ground, first isomeric, and second isomeric states…

Quadrupole moments of odd-A 53−63Mn: Onset of collectivity towards N=40

Physics letters / B 760, 387 - 392 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.016

Use of a Continuous Wave Laser and Pockels Cell for Sensitive High-Resolution Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

New technical developments have led to a 2 orders of magnitude improvement of the resolution of the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at ISOLDE, CERN, without sacrificing the high efficiency of the CRIS technique. Experimental linewidths of 20(1) MHz were obtained on radioactive beams of francium, allowing us for the first time to determine the electric quadrupole moment of the short lived [t1/2=22.0(5) ms]219Fr Qs=−1.21(2) eb, which would not have been possible without the advantages offered by the new method. This method relies on a continuous-wave laser and an external Pockels cell to produce narrow-band light pulses, required to reach the high resolution in t…

Magnetic and quadrupole moments of neutron deficient 58-62Cu isotopes

Abstract This paper reports on the ground state nuclear moments measured in 58–62Cu using collinear laser spectroscopy at the ISOLDE facility. The quadrupole moments for 58–60Cu have been measured for the first time as Q ( Cu 58 ) = − 15 ( 3 ) efm 2 , Q ( Cu 59 ) = − 19.3 ( 19 ) efm 2 , Q ( Cu 60 ) = + 11.6 ( 12 ) efm 2 and with higher precision for 61,62Cu as Q ( Cu 61 ) = − 21.1 ( 10 ) efm 2 , Q ( Cu 62 ) = − 2.2 ( 4 ) efm 2 . The magnetic moments of 58,59Cu are measured with a higher precision as μ ( Cu 58 ) = + 0.570 ( 2 ) μ N and μ ( Cu 59 ) = + 1.8910 ( 9 ) μ N . The experimental nuclear moments are compared to large-scale shell-model calculations with the GXPF1 and GXPF1A effective i…

The nuclear magnetic moment of 208Bi and its relevance for a test of bound-state strong-field QED

Physics letters / B 779, 324 - 330 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.02.024

Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy of Neutron-Deficient Francium Isotopes

The magnetic moments and isotope shifts of the neutron-deficient francium isotopes 202-205Fr were measured at ISOLDE-CERN with use of collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy. A production-to-detection efficiency of 1% was measured for 202Fr. The background from nonresonant and collisional ionization was maintained below one ion in 105 beam particles. Through a comparison of the measured charge radii with predictions from the spherical droplet model, it is concluded that the ground-state wave function remains spherical down to 205Fr, with a departure observed in 203Fr (N = 116). ispartof: Physical Review Letters vol:111 issue:21 pages:212501-4 ispartof: location:United States status: pub…

Nuclear charge radii of potassium isotopes beyond N=28

We report on the measurement of optical isotope shifts for 38, 39, 42, 44, 46–51 K relative to 47 K from which changes in the nuclear mean square charge radii across the N = 28 shell closure are deduced. The investigation was carried out by bunched-beam collinear laser spectroscopy at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion-beam facility. Mean square charge radii are now known from 37K to 51K, covering all ν f7/2-shell as well as all νp3/2-shell nuclei. These measurements, in conjunction with those of Ca, Cr, Mn and Fe, provide a first insight into the Z dependence of the evolution of nuclear size above the shell closure at N = 28

Erratum to ‘Simulation of the relative atomic populations of elements 1≤Z ≤89 following charge exchange tested with collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy of indium’ [Spectrochimica Acta Part B 153 (2019) 61–83]

High-Precision Multiphoton Ionization of Accelerated Laser-Ablated Species

We demonstrate that the pulsed-time structure and high-peak ion intensity provided by the laser-ablation process can be directly combined with the high resolution, high efficiency, and low background offered by collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy. This simple, versatile, and powerful method offers new and unique opportunities for high-precision studies of atomic and molecular structures, impacting fundamental and applied physics research. We show that even for ion beams possessing a relatively large energy spread, high-resolution hyperfine-structure measurements can be achieved by correcting the observed line shapes with the time-of-flight information of the resonantly ionized ions.…

Changes in nuclear structure along the Mn isotopic chain studied via charge radii

The hyperfine spectra of $^{51,53-64}$Mn were measured in two experimental runs using collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE, CERN. Laser spectroscopy was performed on the atomic $3d^5\ 4s^2\ ^{6}\text{S}_{5/2}\rightarrow 3d^5\ 4s4p\ ^{6}\text{P}_{3/2}$ and ionic $3d^5\ 4s\ ^{5}\text{S}_2 \rightarrow 3d^5\ 4p\ ^{5}\text{P}_3$ transitions, yielding two sets of isotope shifts. The mass and field shift factors for both transitions have been calculated in the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock framework and were combined with a King plot analysis in order to obtain a consistent set of mean-square charge radii which, together with earlier work on neutron-deficient Mn, allow the study of nuclear struc…

Double-resonance-ionization mapping of the hyperfine structure of the stable Cu isotopes using pulsed narrowband Ti:sapphire lasers

We present two approaches to enhance the resolving power for measuring hyperfine structure constants using resonance ionization spectroscopy. The first method employs a 2D-resonance ionization spectroscopy scanning technique with pulsed, narrowband Ti:sapphire lasers (1 GHz linewidth), allowing us to resolve hyperfine components that cannot be separated using the standard 1D-scanning method across only one optical transition. In a second refinement, the resolving power is further enhanced through the use of a ring design of the laser cavity. This layout leads to a reduction of the laser linewidth from 1 GHz to below 50 MHz, resulting in experimental linewidths of about 150 MHz. Motivated by…

Probing the single-particle behavior above Sn132 via electromagnetic moments of Sb133,134 and N=82 isotones

Magnetic and quadrupole moments of the $7/{2}^{+}$ ground state in $^{133}\mathrm{Sb}$ and the $({7}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ isomer in $^{134}\mathrm{Sb}$ have been measured by collinear laser spectroscopy to investigate the single-particle behavior above the doubly magic nucleus $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$. The comparison of experimental data of the $7/{2}^{+}$ states in $^{133}\mathrm{Sb}$ and neighboring $N=82$ isotones to shell-model calculations reveals the sensitivity of magnetic moments to the splitting of the spin-orbit partners $\ensuremath{\pi}0{g}_{9/2}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}0{g}_{7/2}$ across the proton shell closure at $Z=50$. In contrast, quadrupole moments of the $N=82$ isotones are insen…

Development of the CRIS (Collinear Resonant Ionisation Spectroscopy) beam line

The CRIS (Collinear Resonant Ionisation Spectroscopy) beam line is a new experimental set up at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. CRIS is being constructed for highresolution laser spectroscopy measurements on radioactive isotopes. These measurements can be used to extract nuclear properties of isotopes far from stability. The CRIS beam line has been under construction since 2009 and testing of its constituent parts have been performed using stable and radioactive ion beams, in preparation for its first on-line run. This paper will present the current status of the CRIS experiment and highlight results from the recent tests. ispartof: pages:012070-6 ispartof: Journal of Physics: Conference Serie…

Nuclear charge radii of 62−80Zn and their dependence on cross-shell proton excitations

Nuclear charge radii of 62−80Zn have been determined using collinear laser spectroscopy of bunched ion beams at CERN-ISOLDE. The subtle variations of observed charge radii, both within one isotope and along the full range of neutron numbers, are found to be well described in terms of the proton excitations across the Z=28 shell gap, as predicted by large-scale shell model calculations. It comprehensively explains the changes in isomer-to-ground state mean square charge radii of 69−79Zn, the inversion of the odd-even staggering around N=40 and the odd-even staggering systematics of the Zn charge radii. With two protons above Z=28, the observed charge radii of the Zn isotopic chain show a cum…

Spectroscopy of short-lived radioactive molecules

Molecular spectroscopy offers opportunities for the exploration of the fundamental laws of nature and the search for new particle physics beyond the standard model1–4. Radioactive molecules—in which one or more of the atoms possesses a radioactive nucleus—can contain heavy and deformed nuclei, offering high sensitivity for investigating parity- and time-reversal-violation effects5,6. Radium monofluoride, RaF, is of particular interest because it is predicted to have an electronic structure appropriate for laser cooling6, thus paving the way for its use in high-precision spectroscopic studies. Furthermore, the effects of symmetry-violating nuclear moments are strongly enhanced5,7–9 in molecu…

Isotope Shifts of Radium Monofluoride Molecules

Isotope shifts of $^{223-226,228}$Ra$^{19}$F were measured for different vibrational levels in the electronic transition $A^{2}{}{\Pi}_{1/2}\leftarrow X^{2}{}{\Sigma}^{+}$. The observed isotope shifts demonstrate the particularly high sensitivity of radium monofluoride to nuclear size effects, offering a stringent test of models describing the electronic density within the radium nucleus. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. These results highlight some of the unique opportunities that short-lived molecules could offer in nuclear structure and in fundamental symmetry studies.

Experimental determination of anIπ=2−ground state inCu72,74

This article reports on the ground-state spin and moments measured in $^{72,74}\mathrm{Cu}$ using collinear laser spectroscopy at the CERN On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE) facility. From the measured hyperfine coefficients, the nuclear observables $\ensuremath{\mu}$(${}^{72}\mathrm{Cu})=\ensuremath{-}1.3472(10){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}({}^{74}\mathrm{Cu})=\ensuremath{-}1.068(3){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, $Q({}^{72}\mathrm{Cu})=+8(2) {\mathrm{efm}}^{2}$, $Q({}^{74}\mathrm{Cu})=+26(3) {\mathrm{efm}}^{2}$, $I({}^{72}\mathrm{Cu})=2$, and $I({}^{74}\mathrm{Cu})=2$ have been determined. Through a comparison of the measured magnetic moments with different models, the negative …

Optimising the Collinear Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at CERN-ISOLDE

© 2019 The CRIS experiment at CERN-ISOLDE is a dedicated laser spectroscopy setup for high-resolution hyperfine structure measurements of nuclear observables of exotic isotopes. Between 2015 and 2018 developments have been made to improve the background suppression, laser-atom overlap and automation of the beamline. Furthermore, a new ion source setup has been developed for offline studies. Here we present the latest technical developments and future perspectives for the experiment. ispartof: Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms vol:463 pages:384-389 ispartof: location:SWITZERLAND, CERN, Geneva status: published

Proton-Neutron Pairing Correlations in the Self-Conjugate NucleusK38Probed via a Direct Measurement of the Isomer Shift

A marked difference in the nuclear charge radius was observed between the ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={3}^{+}$ ground state and the ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+}$ isomer of $^{38}\mathrm{K}$ and is qualitatively explained using an intuitive picture of proton-neutron pairing. In a high-precision measurement of the isomer shift using bunched-beam collinear laser spectroscopy at CERN-ISOLDE, a change in the mean-square charge radius of $⟨{r}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}⟩{(}^{38}{\mathrm{K}}^{m})\ensuremath{-}⟨{r}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}⟩{(}^{38}{\mathrm{K}}^{g})=0.100(6)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ was obtained. This is an order of magnitude more accurate than the result of a previous indirect measurement fr…

Discovery of a long-lived low-lying isomeric state in Ga-80

Collinear laser spectroscopy was performed on the $^{80}\mathrm{Ga}$ isotope at ISOLDE, CERN. A low-lying isomeric state with a half-life much greater than $200$ ms was discovered. The nuclear spins and moments of the ground and isomeric states and the isomer shift are discussed. Probable spins and parities are assigned to both long-lived states (${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${6}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) deduced from a comparison of the measured moments to shell-model calculations.

Precision Test of Many-Body QED in theBe+2pFine Structure Doublet Using Short-Lived Isotopes

Absolute transition frequencies of the $2s\text{ }{^{2}S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p\text{ }{^{2}P}_{1/2,3/2}$ transitions in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ were measured for the isotopes $^{7,9--12}\mathrm{Be}$. The fine structure splitting of the $2p$ state and its isotope dependence are extracted and compared to results of ab initio calculations using explicitly correlated basis functions, including relativistic and quantum electrodynamics effects at the order of $m{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{6}$ and $m{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{7} \mathrm{ln} \ensuremath{\alpha}$. Accuracy has been improved in both the theory and experiment by 2 orders of magnitude, and good agreement is observed. This represents on…

COLLINEAR LASER SPECTROSCOPY ON NEUTRON-RICH Mn ISOTOPES APPROACHING N = 40

We have studied 51,53−64Mn (Z=25) via bunched-beam collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE, CERN. Model-independent information on the ground- and isomeric state spins, as well as their g-factors is obtained from the measured hyperfine spectra. The spins are essential for further establishing the level schemes in the mass region, while the g-factors reveal the changing ground state wave functions in the Mn chain approaching N=40. ispartof: pages:699-702 ispartof: Acta Physica Polonica B vol:46 issue:3 pages:699-702 ispartof: location:Zakopane, Poland status: published

The MORA project

The MORA (Matter's Origin from the RadioActivity of trapped and oriented ions) project aims at measuring with unprecedented precision the D correlation in the nuclear beta decay of trapped and oriented ions. The D correlation offers the possibility to search for new CP-violating interactions, complementary to searches done at the LHC and with Electric Dipole Moments. Technically, MORA uses an innovative in-trap orientation method which combines the high trapping efficiency of a transparent Paul trap with laser orientation techniques. The trapping, detection, and laser setups are under development, for first tests at the Accelerator laboratory, JYFL, in the coming years.

Cu charge radii reveal a weak sub-shell effect at N=40

Collinear laser spectroscopy on Cu58-75 isotopes was performed at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility. In this paper we report on the isotope shifts obtained from these measurements. State-of-the-art atomic physics calculations have been undertaken in order to determine the changes in mean-square charge radii δ(r2)A,A′ from the observed isotope shifts. A local minimum is observed in these radii differences at N=40, providing evidence for a weak N=40 sub-shell effect. However, comparison of δ(r2)A,A′ with a droplet model prediction including static deformation deduced from the spectroscopic quadrupole moments, points to the persistence of correlations at N=40.

Nuclear Charge Radii ofMg21−32

Charge radii of all magnesium isotopes in the sd shell have been measured, revealing evolution of the nuclear shape throughout two prominent regions of assumed deformation centered on (24)Mg and (32)Mg. A striking correspondence is found between the nuclear charge radius and the neutron shell structure. The importance of cluster configurations towards N=8 and collectivity near N=20 is discussed in the framework of the fermionic molecular dynamics model. These essential results have been made possible by the first application of laser-induced nuclear orientation for isotope shift measurements.

Laser assisted decay spectroscopy at the CRIS beam line at ISOLDE

A new collinear resonant ionization spectroscopy (Cris)beam line has recently been installed at Isolde, Cern utilising lasers to combine collinear laser spectroscopy and resonant ionization spectroscopy. The combined technique offers the ability to purify an ion beam that is heavily contaminated with radioactive isobars, including the ground state of an isotope from its isomer, allowing sensitive secondary experiments to be performed. A new programme aiming to use the Cris technique for the separation of nuclear isomeric states for decay spectroscopy will commence in 2011. A decay spectroscopy station, consisting of a rotating wheel implantation system for alpha decay spectroscopy, and thre…

Nuclear spins, magnetic moments, and quadrupole moments of Cu isotopes fromN=28toN=46: Probes for core polarization effects

Measurements of the ground-state nuclear spins and magnetic and quadrupole moments of the copper isotopes from $^{61}\mathrm{Cu}$ up to $^{75}\mathrm{Cu}$ are reported. The experiments were performed at the CERN online isotope mass separator (ISOLDE) facility, using the technique of collinear laser spectroscopy. The trend in the magnetic moments between the $N=28$ and $N=50$ shell closures is reasonably reproduced by large-scale shell-model calculations starting from a $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ core. The quadrupole moments reveal a strong polarization of the underlying Ni core when the neutron shell is opened, which is, however, strongly reduced at $N=40$ due to the parity change between the $\mat…

Simulation of the relative atomic populations of elements 1 ≤ Z ≤89 following charge exchange tested with collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy of indium

© 2019 The Authors Calculations of the neutralisation cross-section and relative population of atomic states were performed for ions beams (1 ≤ Z ≤ 89) at 5 and 40 keV incident on free sodium and potassium atoms. To test the validity of the calculations, the population distribution of indium ions incident on a vapour of sodium was measured at an intermediate energy of 20 keV. The relative populations of the 5s 2 5p 2 P 1/2 and 5s 2 5p 2 P 3/2 states in indium were measured using collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy and found to be consistent with the calculations. Charge exchange contributions to high-resolution lineshapes were also investigated and found to be reproduced by the calc…

Unexpectedly large charge radii of neutron-rich calcium isotopes

Despite being a complex many-body system, the atomic nucleus exhibits simple structures for certain "magic" numbers of protons and neutrons. The calcium chain in particular is both unique and puzzling: evidence of doubly-magic features are known in 40,48Ca, and recently suggested in two radioactive isotopes, 52,54Ca. Although many properties of experimentally known Ca isotopes have been successfully described by nuclear theory, it is still a challenge to predict their charge radii evolution. Here we present the first measurements of the charge radii of 49,51,52Ca, obtained from laser spectroscopy experiments at ISOLDE, CERN. The experimental results are complemented by state-of-the-art theo…

Spin and magnetic moment of23Mg

A negative magnetic moment of 23Mg has been determined by collinear laser spectroscopy at CERN-ISOLDE. The absolute value is in agreement with previous measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance while the sign points at high-seniority configurations. The result is consistent with shell-model predictions for nuclei with valence nucleons in the sd shell. ispartof: Journal of Physics G, Nuclear and Particle Physics vol:44 issue:7 status: published

Shell structure of potassium isotopes deduced from their magnetic moments

\item[Background] Ground-state spins and magnetic moments are sensitive to the nuclear wave function, thus they are powerful probes to study the nuclear structure of isotopes far from stability. \item[Purpose] Extend our knowledge about the evolution of the $1/2^+$ and $3/2^+$ states for K isotopes beyond the $N = 28$ shell gap. \item[Method] High-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy on bunched atomic beams. \item[Results] From measured hyperfine structure spectra of K isotopes, nuclear spins and magnetic moments of the ground states were obtained for isotopes from $N = 19$ up to $N = 32$. In order to draw conclusions about the composition of the wave functions and the occupation of the …

Laser spectroscopy of gallium isotopes beyond N = 50

The installation of an ion-beam cooler-buncher at the ISOLDE, CERN facility has provided increased sensitivity for collinear laser spectroscopy experiments. A migration of single-particle states in gallium and in copper isotopes has been investigated through extensive measurements of ground state and isomeric state hyperfine structures. Lying beyond the N = 50 shell closure, 82Ga is the most exotic nucleus in the region to have been studied by optical methods, and is reported here for the first time. ispartof: pages:012071-6 ispartof: Journal of Physics: Conference Series vol:381 issue:1 pages:012071-6 ispartof: Rutherford Centennial Conference on Nuclear Physics location:Manchester, UK dat…

g factors of $^{31,32,33}$Al: Indication for intruder configurations in the $^{33}$Al ground state

Abstract The g factors of 31,32,33 Al have been measured using the β -nuclear magnetic resonance ( β -NMR) technique on spin-polarized beams produced in the fragmentation of a 36 S (77.5 MeV/u) beam on a 9 Be target. Nearly pure beams of Al ( Z = 13 ) isotopes were selected with the high-resolution fragment separator LISE at GANIL. An asymmetry as high as 6% has been observed in the β -NMR curve for 32 Al implanted in a Si single crystal. The magnetic moment of the N = 20 nucleus 33 Al is obtained for the first time: μ ( Al 33 , I π = 5 / 2 + ) = 4.088 ( 5 ) μ N , while those of 31,32 Al are obtained with improved accuracy: μ ( Al 31 , I π = 5 / 2 + ) = 3.830 ( 5 ) μ N and μ ( Al 32 , I π =…

Charge Radius of the Short-Lived Ni68 and Correlation with the Dipole Polarizability

We present the first laser spectroscopic measurement of the neutron-rich nucleus ^{68}Ni at the N=40 subshell closure and extract its nuclear charge radius. Since this is the only short-lived isotope for which the dipole polarizability α_{D} has been measured, the combination of these observables provides a benchmark for nuclear structure theory. We compare them to novel coupled-cluster calculations based on different chiral two- and three-nucleon interactions, for which a strong correlation between the charge radius and dipole polarizability is observed, similar to the stable nucleus ^{48}Ca. Three-particle-three-hole correlations in coupled-cluster theory substantially improve the descrip…

Spins and electromagnetic moments of Cd101–109

The neutron-deficient cadmium isotopes have been measured by high-resolution laser spectroscopy at CERN-ISOLDE. The electromagnetic moments of $^{101}\mathrm{Cd}$ have been determined for the first time and the quadrupole-moment precision of $^{103}\mathrm{Cd}$ has been vastly improved. The results on the sequence of $5/{2}^{+}$ ground states in $^{101--109}\mathrm{Cd}$ are tentatively discussed in the context of simple structure in complex nuclei as similarities are found with the $11/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states in the neutron-rich cases. Comparison with shell-model calculations reveals a prominent role of the two holes in the $Z=50$ core.

Collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE: new methods and highlights

Over three and a half decades of collinear laser spectroscopy and the COLLAPS setup have played a major role in the ISOLDE physics programme. Based on a general experimental principle and diverse approaches towards higher sensitivity, it has provided unique access to basic nuclear properties such as spins, magnetic moments and electric quadrupole moments as well as isotopic variations of nuclear mean square charge radii. While previous methods of outstanding sensitivity were restricted to selected chemical elements with special atomic properties or nuclear decay modes, recent developments have yielded a breakthrough in sensitivity for nuclides in wide mass ranges. These developments include…