Search results for "Alternaria"
showing 10 items of 56 documents
Occurrence and exposure assessment of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat tree nut products through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with …
2020
Tree nuts have become popular snacks due to their attributed benefits in the health state. Nevertheless, their susceptibility to fungal contamination lead to the occurrence of potentially dangerous mycotoxins. Hence, the aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat almonds, walnuts, and pistachios from Italian markets. The most relevant mycotoxin found in almonds was α-zearalanol in 18% of samples (n = 17) ranging from 3.70 to 4.54 µg/kg. Walnut samples showed frequent contamination with alternariol, present in 53% of samples (n = 22) at levels from 0.29 to 1.65 µg/kg. Pistachios (n = 15) were the most contaminated commodity, with β-zear…
Predominant mycotoxins, mycotoxigenic fungi and climate change related to wine
2017
Wine is a significant contributor to the economies of many countries. However, the commodity can become contaminated with mycotoxins produced by certain fungi. Most information on mycotoxins in wine is from Spain, Italy and France. Grapes can be infected by mycotoxigenic fungi, of which Aspergillus carbonarius producing ochratoxin A (OTA) is of highest concern. Climate is the most important factor in determining contamination once the fungi are established, with high temperatures being a major factor for OTA contamination: OTA in wine is at higher concentrations in warmer southern Europe than northern. Contamination by fumonisins is a particular concern, related to Aspergillus niger produci…
Determination of mycotoxins in fruit berry by-products using QuEChERS extraction method
2017
Abstract Fruit berries by-products are mainly elaborated with berry but most of them mixed with other fruits, grapes, plums or apples. These present favourable properties for the growth of a great range of mycotoxins mould producers. Consequently, alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are the main mycotoxins that should be present in berries by-products. To establish a reliable analytical method of these mycotoxins on two fruit berries by-products (jam and juice), four different QuEChERS extraction method were evaluated. Recoveries obtained were higher than 74% and 76% in berries juice and jam berrie…
Simultaneous analysis of twenty-six mycotoxins in durum wheat grain from Italy
2016
Abstract A multi-mycotoxin analysis method based on liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was validated and applied for the determination of twenty-six mycotoxins, including eight trichothecenes, three fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, four aflatoxins, zearalenone, five “emerging” mycotoxins and three Alternaria mycotoxins in 74 durum wheat samples from central Italy. Eighty-eight percent of the analysed samples contained one or more mycotoxins, with enniatin B showing the highest contamination levels (78% of samples with levels ranging from 23 to 1826 ng/g), followed by enniatin B1 (10–1384 ng/g) and deoxynivalenol (48–2267 ng/g). This work gives an…
Molecular analysis of the fungal microbiome associated with the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae
2015
Abstract A molecular approach was used to investigate the fungal microbiome associated with Bactrocera oleae a major key pest of Olea europea , using the ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as barcode gene. Amplicons were cloned and a representative number of sequenced fragments were used as barcode genes for the identification of fungi. The analysis of the detected sequence types (STs) enabled the identification of a total of 34 phylotypes which were associated with 10 fungal species, 3 species complexes and 8 genera. Three phylotypes remained unresolved within the order Saccharomycetales and the phylum Ascomycota because of the lack of closely related sequences in GenBank. Cladosporiu…
Synthesis and antifungal activity of new N-isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides
1999
N-Isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides 3 and 9, with a benodanil-like structure, were synthesized by refluxing in acetic acid the corresponding benzotriazinones 2 and 8 with potassium iodide for 1 h with the aim to ascertain if they were active as fungicides against Phytophthora citricola Saw., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Rhizoctonia sp. and Alternaria sp. Among the tested iodo derivatives, compounds 3b and 9a possess interesting activities against the aforesaid fungal strains in several cases similar to that of benodanil I taken as reference drug.
Filamentous fungi transported by birds during migration across the mediterranean sea.
2013
The potential for the transport and diffusion of some pathogenic microorganisms by migratory birds is of concern. Migratory birds may be involved in the dispersal of microorganisms and may play a role of mechanical and biological vectors. The efficiency of dispersal of pathogenic microorganisms depends on a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors that influence the survival or disappearance of a given agent in a geographical area. In the present study, 349 migratory birds were captured in four sites (Mazara del Vallo, Lampedusa, Ustica and Linosa), representing the main stop-over points during spring and autumnal migration, and analyzed for the presence of filamentous fungi. A total of 2,3…
(±)-alternarlactones A and B, two antiparasitic alternariol-like dimers from the fungus alternaria alternata P1210 isolated from the halophyte salico…
2019
Two new dimeric compounds of the alternariol class, (±)-alternarlactones A (1) and B (2), were isolated along with 11 known compounds from the fungus Alternaria alternata P1210. Their structures were elucidated with the assistance of long-range HSQMBC to address inadequate cross-peaks in HMBC that result from the highly dense quaternary carbons, as well as theoretical calculations. All isolated altenuisol derivatives were screened for their antiparasitic activities, which provide a preliminary structure-activity relationship of this class of compounds against neglected tropical diseases.
Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy
2018
Wheat, the main source of carbohydrates worldwide, can be attacked by a wide number of phytopathogenic fungi, included Alternaria species. Alternaria species commonly occur on wheat worldwide and produce several mycotoxins such as tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT), provided of haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. The contamination by Alternaria species of wheat kernels, collected in Tuscany, Italy, from 2013 to 2016, was evaluated. Alternaria contamination was detected in 93 out of 100 field samples, with values ranging between 1 and 73% (mean of 18%). Selected strains were genetically characterized by multi-locus…
Citrus biotechnology
2020
Agricultural crops that can better withstand the changing climatic and pathogen landscape have been produced through natural selection throughout the millennia and, in recent years, through the process of human-assisted plant breeding and selection. However, a lack of genetic diversity in many commercially cultivated crops (due to monoculture) has made them more vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses (Esquinas-Alcazar, 2005; Keneni et al., 2012). Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae family, is one of the most important commercial woody fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The origin of citrus is traced back to parts of tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia (Wu e…