Search results for "Human studies"

Perceptual Interactions in Complex Odor Mixtures

2014

The perception of everyday odors relies on elemental or configural processing of complex mixtures of odorants. Theoretically, the configural processing of a mixture could lead to the perception of a single specific odor for the mixture; however, such a type of perception has hardly been proven in human studies. Here, we report the results of a sorting task demonstrating that a six-component mixture carries an odor clearly distinct from the odors of its components. These results suggest a blending effect of individual components’ odors in mixtures containing more than three odorants.

[35] Determination of oxidized glutathione in blood: High-performance liquid chromatography

1994

Publisher Summary The measurement of glutathione status is important in determining oxidative stress in tissues and biological fluids. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) is a good indicator of the oxidative stress that may occur under physiological and pathological conditions. Changes in GSSG levels have been considered as intracellular signals able to modulate enzyme activity. Thus, it is important to have accurate methods to determine GSSG in biological fluids and in cells. In many cases, it is possible to use tissues, such as liver, muscle, or brain to determine GSH/GSSG. However, especially in human studies, samples from these tissues are not readily available; the …

Gut Microbiota, Obesity and Bariatric Surgery: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

2019

Background::There is an urgent need for a better understanding and management of obesity and obesity- associated diseases. It is known that obesity is associated with structural and functional changes in the microbiome.Methods::The purpose of this review is to present current evidence from animal and human studies, demonstrating the effects and the potential efficacy of microbiota modulation in improving obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions.Results::This review discusses possible mechanisms linking gut microbiota dysbiosis and obesity, since there is a dual interaction between the two of them. Furthermore, comments on bariatric surgery, as a favourable model to understand the under…

What to eat and drink in glaucoma? Evidence from human studies

2014

Deviance detection in sound frequency in simple and complex sounds in urethane-anesthetized rats

2019

Mismatch negativity (MMN), which is an electrophysiological response demonstrated in humans and animals, reflects memory-based deviance detection in a series of sounds. However, only a few studies on rodents have used control conditions that were sufficient in eliminating confounding factors that could also explain differential responses to deviant sounds. Furthermore, it is unclear if change detection occurs similarly for sinusoidal and complex sounds. In this study, we investigated frequency change detection in urethane-anesthetized rats by recording local-field potentials from the dura above the auditory cortex. We studied change detection in sinusoidal and complex sounds in a series of …

A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio r…

2015

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been considered of great interest for human health due to their potential anti-inflammatory action that may protect from a number of chronic-degenerative diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis. This review aimed to report the most updated evidence of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs effect on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in humans. Attention has been also paid to those studies exploring the effects of the ratio intake. Results from pooled analyses of human studies reported a general positive effect of n-3 PUFAs intake on all outcomes considered. In contrast, the role of n-6 PUFAs on human health needs to be better assessed in orde…

Advances in Alcoholism Research in Germany

2005

This article presents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2004 International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism meeting in Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany, put together by the German Society of Addiction Therapy and Research (DG-Sucht e.V.). The aim was to give an overview on recent findings from animal to human studies that were conducted by several research groups engaged in the alcoholism field in Germany for longer periods. Results of his animal studies were presented by J. Wolfgramm; G. Buchringer reported on epidemiologic and psychotherapeutic research advances on alcohol-related disorders in Germany. L. G. Schmidt summarized results of novel diagnostic and therapeutic appro…

Myocardial blood flow and adenosine A2Areceptor density in endurance athletes and untrained men

2008

Previous human studies have shown divergent results concerning the effects of exercise training on myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest or during adenosine-induced hyperaemia in humans. We studied whether these responses are related to alterations in adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) density in the left-ventricular (LV) myocardium, size and work output of the athlete's heart, or to fitness level. MBF at baseline and during intravenous adenosine infusion, and A2AR density at baseline were measured using positron emission tomography, and by a novel A2AR tracer in 10 healthy male endurance athletes (ET) and 10 healthy untrained (UT) men. Structural LV parameters were measured with echocardiography.…

Viewpoint: On the hysteresis in the human Achilles tendon.

2012

This viewpoint was stimulated by two observations: 1) the statistical skewness whereby numerous articles have reported tendon stiffness and Young9s modulus, but far fewer have reported tendon hysteresis; 2) in vivo human studies seem very often to report hysteresis values greater than 10%, suggesting either that there are methodological differences between human and animal studies, or that human tendons have a much poorer capacity to store and reutilize elastic energy. In this article we focus on the healthy human Achilles/gastrocnemius tendon (AT) since it has an important locomotor function and clearly a low AT hysteresis would allow elastic recoil for efficient locomotion. We discuss tha…