Search results for "R2"
showing 10 items of 285 documents
Toll-like receptor 2 mediates prostaglandin E2 production in murine peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes in response to Candida albicans
2004
The involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in triggering signal transduction pathways leading to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in response to Candida albicans has been studied in cells from wild-type, TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- knockout mice. In vitro PGE(2) production by macrophages challenged with zymosan, yeast or hypha cells was strongly inhibited in TLR2-deficient cells, but not in TLR4-/- cells, as compared to macrophages from wild-type mice. PGE(2) production was dependent on de novo cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) synthesis, since unchallenged cells failed to produce PGE(2) and specific Cox2 inhibition during challenge totally blocked PGE(2) production. Similar results were o…
Optimisation of metallic interconnects for hydrogen production by high temperature water vapour electrolysis
2012
For economical and environmental reasons, hydrogen is considered as a major energetic vector for the future. Hydrogen production via high temperature water vapour electrolysis (HTE) is a promising technology. A major technical difficulty related to high temperature water vapour electrolysis is the development of interconnects working efficiently for a long period. Working temperature of 800°C enables the use of metallic materials as interconnects. Chromia forming alloys are among the best candidates. The interconnect material chosen in the present study is a ferritic stainless steel with 18% chromium content. High temperature corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of the alloy was…
Real structures on nilpotent orbit closures
2021
We determine the equivariant real structures on nilpotent orbits and the normalizations of their closures for the adjoint action of a complex semisimple algebraic group on its Lie algebra.
Universal infinitesimal Hilbertianity of sub-Riemannian manifolds
2019
We prove that sub-Riemannian manifolds are infinitesimally Hilbertian (i.e., the associated Sobolev space is Hilbert) when equipped with an arbitrary Radon measure. The result follows from an embedding of metric derivations into the space of square-integrable sections of the horizontal bundle, which we obtain on all weighted sub-Finsler manifolds. As an intermediate tool, of independent interest, we show that any sub-Finsler distance can be monotonically approximated from below by Finsler ones. All the results are obtained in the general setting of possibly rank-varying structures.
Algebraic models of the Euclidean plane
2018
We introduce a new invariant, the real (logarithmic)-Kodaira dimension, that allows to distinguish smooth real algebraic surfaces up to birational diffeomorphism. As an application, we construct infinite families of smooth rational real algebraic surfaces with trivial homology groups, whose real loci are diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^2$, but which are pairwise not birationally diffeomorphic. There are thus infinitely many non-trivial models of the euclidean plane, contrary to the compact case.
Characterization of a new murine retinal cell line (MU-PH1) with glial, progenitor and photoreceptor characteristics
2013
Unlike fish and amphibians, mammals do not regenerate retinal neurons throughout life. However, neurogenic potential may be conserved in adult mammal retina and it is necessary to identify the factors that regulate retinal progenitor cells (RPC) proliferative capacity to scope their therapeutic potential. Müller cells can be progenitors for retinal neuronal cells and can play an essential role in the restoration of visual function after retinal injury. Some members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4, are related to progenitor cells proliferation. Müller cells are important in retinal regeneration and stable cell lines are useful for the study of retinal stem cell bi…
Characterisation of K<sup>&plus;</sup> Currents in the C8-B4 Microglial Cell Line and their Regulation by Microglia Activating Stimuli
2009
Microglia are the intrinsic immune cells of the brain. As such, they are crucially involved in neuro-protection as well as neuro-degeneration. Their activation leads to the induction of cytokine and chemokine release, the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and an increased outward potassium conductance. In this study, we focus our interest on potassium currents and channels in the C8-B4 murine microglial cell line and compare them with those of primary cultured microglia from neo-natal mice. Using the whole cell patch-clamp technique, we have recorded prominent inward and outward rectifying voltage-dependent potassium currents but no calcium-activated potassium currents.…
Dectin-1 mediatesin vitrophagocytosis ofCandida albicansyeast cells by retinal microglia: Figure 1
2011
We have investigated the expression of TLR2 and Dectin-1 in retinal microglia and their involvement in Candida albicans phagocytosis using a cytometric approach. The expression of both receptors has been demonstrated in CD11b+ retinal cells. Phagocytosis of pHrodo-labelled C. albicans yeasts by microglial CD11b+ cells of C57BL/6 mice was inhibited both by the Dectin-1 antagonist laminarin and anti-Dectin-1 antibodies, whereas phagocytosis of yeasts by retinal microglia of TLR2 KO mice was unaffected. These data indicate that phagocytosis of C. albicans yeasts by retinal microglia is mediated by Dectin-1, whereas TLR2 does not play a significant role in this process.
TLR2: for or against Candida albicans?
2005
In a recent issue of Trends in Microbiology, Netea and coworkers presented their opinion that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in escape from the defense mechanisms of the host [1]. In their article, the authors clearly identified three major TLR-mediated escape mechanisms that are used by microbial pathogens, such as Yersinia, Mycobacterium and Candida. Here, we wish to comment on the roll of TLR2 in Candida albicans infections. Netea's interesting hypothesis, that TLR2 expression might confer to mice an increased susceptibility to C.
About the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in cytokine secretion by murine macrophages in response to Candida albicans.
2006
Dear Editor, In a recent issue of FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology , Blasi (2005) studied the biological role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in the effector and secretory responses of murine macrophages to the fungal species Candida albicans . In their article, the authors conclude that the secretory response to C. albicans appears to be TLR4- but not TLR2-dependent. In our opinion this statement is misleading as the results reported do not support this conclusion and, therefore, we wish to comment on this issue. There is evidence indicating that TLR2 is the main receptor involved in triggering cytokine production by murine macrophages in response to C. albicans . Phospholipo…