Search results for "Regulatory"
showing 10 items of 740 documents
Open and closed inflorescences: more than simple opposites
2010
The absence of a terminal flower in inflorescences (‘open inflorescences’) is currently explained by the maintenance of putative stem-cells in the central zone (CZ) of the inflorescence meristem (IM) governed by the CLAVATA– WUSCHEL regulatory loop. Disruption of this regulatory pathway, as in Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER LOCUS 1 mutants, leads to terminal flower production. However, recent studies in other taxa reveal novel mechanisms of inflorescence termination; for example, the SEPALLATA-like MADS-box floral identity gene GERBERA REGULATOR OF CAPITULUM DEVELOPMENT 2 in Gerbera excludes the retention of a CZ as an ontogenetic cause for the openness of these inflorescences. Moreover, compa…
Fitness of Members of Supervisory Board
2015
This chapter deals with the fitness of members of supervisory boards. Since 2009, German insurance regulatory law has provided internal qualification standards for the supervisory board members of insurance companies. In accordance with Paragraph 7a, sec. 4, clause 1 of the VAG [German Insurance Supervision Act], the members of supervisory boards must be able to fulfill their tasks and supervisory functions in accordance with their level of expertise. This new requirement comports with the previous standards of German corporate law, established by the BGH [German Federal Court of Justice] in its “Hertie”-ruling. As such, this ruling will also serve as a basis to interpret the expertise requ…
Modulation of lipid metabolism and colonic microbial diversity of high-fat-diet C57BL/6 mice by inulin with different chain lengths
2019
Abstract The physicochemical properties, biological functions and microbial degradation of inulins differ according to their degree of polymerization. However, the relationship between inulin activities and its effect on gut microbiota remains unknown. In this study, high fat diet with inulin (1 or 5 g/kg·bw), either with short or long chains groups were administered to different groups of mice (n = 10) for 10 weeks in order to investigate the effect of inulin on the microbial diversity of the animals. Litchi pericarp procyanidins (LPPC) were used for comparison purposes. Furthermore, the lipid metabolism and key regulator genes in mice were determined. The results indicated that natural in…
Rapid adaptation of signaling networks in the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae
2019
Abstract Background One fundamental question in biology is how the evolution of eukaryotic signaling networks has taken place. “Loss of function” (lof) mutants from components of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway in the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae are viable, but impaired in osmoregulation. Results After long-term cultivation upon high osmolarity, stable individuals with reestablished osmoregulation capacity arise independently from each of the mutants with inactivated HOG pathway. This phenomenon is extremely reproducible and occurs only in osmosensitive mutants related to the HOG pathway – not in other osmosensitive Magnaporthe mutants. The major compatible so…
Differential expression of the invertase-encoding SUC genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1992
Invertase (INV) is encoded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a family of genes, comprising SUC1-SUC5 and SUC7. Production of INV is highly variable, dependent on the strain and SUC gene present in the cell. The differences in INV production derive from the structure of the genes or are dependent on the genetic background of the strain. Centromeric plasmids (based on YCp50) carrying one of the SUC genes (except SUC7) were introduced into a strain (SEY2101) lacking SUC genes. The INV produced by the transformants was dependent on the individual SUC genes, and correlated with INV mRNA levels. Plasmids in which SUC2 had been placed under control of promoters from the other SUC genes, were used to …
DNase I sensitivity of the chromatin of the yeast SUC2 gene for invertase.
1986
The DNase I sensitivity of chromatin of the yeast SUC2 gene, which encodes two forms of invertase, has been studied both in the genome and in a multicopy plasmid carrying the gene and its flaking sequences. Whereas little if any difference in the DNase I sensitivity of the flanking regions was found between the repressed and the derepressed states, derepression of the gene was accompanied by a large increase in the sensitivity of the transcribed region. A well-defined DNase I hypersensitive site was found centered at approximately 120 bp downstream from the end of the coding region. This site seems to be flanked in the 3' non-coding region by strictly positioned nucleosomes, and the structu…
A distinct subset of HLA-DR+-regulatory T cells is involved in the induction of preterm labor during pregnancy and in the induction of organ rejectio…
2010
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to suppress alloimmune responses during pregnancy and post organ transplantation. We demonstrate that a distinct subset of FoxP3(+)DR(+)-Tregs among the total CD4(+)CD127(low+/-)CD25(+)-Treg cell pool is critically involved in preterm labor induction and kidney transplant rejection as well. Compared to healthy pregnancies and non-rejecting kidney recipients, we found that the percentage of the FoxP3(+)DR(+)-Treg subset was not reduced, but that the level of HLA-DR expression of such Tregs was strongly diminished in preterm laboring women and in patients with acute renal allograft rejection. In addition, both patient collectives showed a significantly red…
Translating the Role of mTOR- and RAS-Associated Signalopathies in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Models, Mechanisms and Treatment
2021
Mutations affecting mTOR or RAS signaling underlie defined syndromes (the so-called mTORopathies and RASopathies) with high risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These syndromes show a broad variety of somatic phenotypes including cancers, skin abnormalities, heart disease and facial dysmorphisms. Less well studied are the neuropsychiatric symptoms such as ASD. Here, we assess the relevance of these signalopathies in ASD reviewing genetic, human cell model, rodent studies and clinical trials. We conclude that signalopathies have an increased liability for ASD and that, in particular, ASD individuals with dysmorphic features and intellectual disability (ID) have a higher chance for disrup…
Quantification of Different Regulatory Pathways Contributing to Heartbeat Dynamics during Multiple Stimuli: a Proof of the Concept.
2019
The dynamical interplay between brain and heart is mediated by several feedback mechanisms including the central autonomic network and baroreflex loop at a peripheral level, also for a short-term regulation. State of the art focused on the characterization of each regulatory pathway through a single stressor elicitation. However, no studies targeted the actual quantification of different mediating routes leading to the generation of heartbeat dynamics, particularly in case of combined exogenous stimuli. In this study, we propose a new approach based on computational modeling to quantify the contribution of multiple concurrent stimuli in modulating cardiovascular dynamics. In this prelimina…
Hepatitis B protein HBx binds the DLEU2 lncRNA to sustain cccDNA and host cancer-related gene transcription.
2019
Objective: The HBV HBx regulatory protein is required for transcription from the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) minichromosome and affects the epigenetic control of both viral and host cellular chromatin. Design: We explored, in relevant cellular models of HBV replication, the functional consequences of HBx interaction with DLEU2, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expressed in the liver and increased in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in the regulation of host target genes and the HBV cccDNA. Results: We show that HBx binds the promoter region, enhances the transcription and induces the accumulation of DLEU2 in infected hepatocytes. We found that nuclear DLEU2 directly binds HBx…