Search results for "developmental"
showing 10 items of 19870 documents
The Temporal Development of Early and Late CNV in a Simple Discrimination Paradigm: the Effects of Motor Preparation and Average Reaction Time
1980
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the temporal development of early and late contingent negative variation (CNV) in a simple discrimination paradigm. The CNV typically arises when a warning stimulus is paired with an imperative stimulus which, in turn, is followed by a motor reaction. If the interstimulus interval is less than approximately 2 sec the CNV begins immediately after the positive deflection (P300) following the warning stimulus. It may appear as a steadily rising negative potential shift that reaches its peak with the presentation of the imperative stimulus, or as sustained negativity throughout the rest of the foreperiod. If the interstimulus interval is extended beyond …
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Macula and Optic Nerve in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study
2020
The aim of this study was to compare retinal thicknesses and vascular parameters between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) individuals. Recruited ASD subjects and age- and sex-matched NT controls underwent 2 optical coherence tomography scans (OCT) (macular cube and optic nerve cube) and 2 OCT angiography (OCTA) scans (macular and optic nerve head (ONH) OCTA) with the device Cirrus 5000 (Zeiss). Concerning OCT, we considered full retina thickness in 9 macular sectors of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) pattern and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in 4 quadrants and 12 clock-hour sectors. Vessel density and capillary perfusion…
The pupillary response to mental overload
1977
The hypothesis that the pupil constricts below base level in situations of mental overload was tested. Subjects had to perform in a four-alternative forced-choice task at 75%, 100%, and 125% the speed of their maximum processing capacity. No indication of a pupillary constriction in the overload situation was found. The pupil dilated under all three conditions. The pupil diameter of male subjects significantly decreased after the sharp increase at the beginning of the experimental phases, while the female subjects’ pupil diameter remained at the same level after the initial increase. The amount of dilation depended on information load for male subjects only. Results were taken as further in…
Long-term physical activity modifies automatic visual processing
2017
Electrophysiologically registered visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) is known to represent automatic visual processing in human visual cortex. Since physical activity (PA) is generally beneficial to cerebrovascular function, we wanted to find out if automatic visual processing is affected by PA. We investigated the connection between long-term leisure-time PA and precognitive visual processing in 32 healthy young males. Participants were divided into active (n = 16) and inactive (n = 16) group according to their leisure-time PA records from the past three years. vMMN was recorded with electroencephalogram using passive oddball paradigm with visual bars. Standard (90%) and deviant (10%) stimu…
Mapping symbols to sounds: electrophysiological correlates of the impaired reading process in dyslexia
2012
Dyslexic and control first-grade school children were compared in a Symbol-to-Sound matching test based on a non-linguistic audiovisual training which is known to have a remediating effect on dyslexia. Visual symbol patterns had to be matched with predicted sound patterns. Sounds incongruent with the corresponding visual symbol (thus not matching the prediction) elicited the N2b and P3a event-related potential (ERP) components relative to congruent sounds in control children. Their ERPs resembled the ERP effects previously reported for healthy adults with this paradigm. In dyslexic children, N2b onset latency was delayed and its amplitude significantly reduced over left hemisphere whereas P…
Visual mismatch negativity for changes in orientation - a sensory memory-dependent response
2008
It remains unclear whether the mismatch negativity of event-related potentials (ERPs) in vision resembles its auditory counterpart in terms of memory relatedness. We recorded ERPs to visual bars in adult humans engaged in an auditory task. In one condition, a bar ('standard') repeated at 400- or 1100-ms non-stimulated intervals was rarely (P = 0.1) replaced by another bar of a different orientation ('deviant'). In the other condition (400-ms intervals), the occurrences of the standards were replaced by 10 (P = 0.1 each) bars of different orientations, including that of the deviant ('control-deviant'). Deviants shifted ERPs towards negative polarity relative to standards in occipital electro…
A Look into Liver Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Hallmark in Progression of Brain Energy Crisis and Development of Neurologic Symptoms in Hepatic Enc…
2020
Background: The relationship between liver disease and neuropathology in hepatic encephalopathy is well known, but the genesis of encephalopathy in liver failure is yet to be elucidated. Conceptually, the main cause of hepatic encephalopathy is the accumulation of brain ammonia due to impaired liver detoxification function or occurrence of portosystemic shunt. Yet, as well as taking up toxic ammonia, the liver also produces vital metabolites that ensure normal cerebral function. Given this, for insight into how perturbations in the metabolic capacity of the liver may be related to brain pathology, it is crucial to understand the extent of ammonia-related changes in the hepatic metabolism th…
Development of healthy eating habits early in life. Review of recent evidence and selected guidelines
2011
Encouraging healthy eating habit development early in life is a way to prevent the onset of diet-related diseases. This review focuses on the period ranging from the beginning of complementary feeding until the age of 3 years. Its first objective was to review relevant themes in the most recent literature on the development of healthy eating habits in this period. Its second objective was to evaluate to what extent international and national feeding guidelines cover these themes. Analysed guidelines included WHO, European Network for Public Health Nutrition, US and two European national guidelines (UK and France). They were evaluated using a 4-pt scale and compared. Well-covered themes in c…
Revacept, an Inhibitor of Platelet Adhesion in Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Design and Rationale of a Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial
2020
AbstractPatients with stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and internal carotid artery stenosis harbor an increased risk of recurrent stroke especially within 2 weeks after the first event. In addition, the revascularization procedure itself (carotid endarterectomy [CEA] or carotid artery stenting [CAS]) is associated with both clinically apparent and silent brain infarctions, mainly caused by the embolic nature of the ruptured carotid plaque. The glycoprotein VI (GPVI) fusion protein Revacept is a highly specific antithrombotic drug without direct inhibition of systemic platelet function that might reduce periprocedural distal embolization from the vulnerable ruptured plaque located…
Psychiatric Problems in Adolescence Mediate the Association Between Childhood Learning Disabilities and Later Well-Being
2021
This follow-up study investigated the associations of childhood learning disabilities (LDs) with adult-age anxiety, depression, and unemployment. Psychosocial problems in childhood and psychiatric diagnoses and lack of education in adolescence were studied as potential mediators, and gender and mother’s education were studied as potential moderators of these associations. Data on childhood clinical neuropsychological assessments and lifelong register data on individuals with childhood LD ( n = 430; 301 [70%] males; 20–39 years of age) and matched controls ( n = 2,149) were applied. Mediation analyses were performed using structural equation modeling. Childhood LDs exerted a significant, bu…