Search results for "extracellular vesicle"

Microscopic evidence of the primary astrocytes' morphological differentiation and migration inside porous Poly-L-lactic acid 3D‑scaffolds

2019

Tissue engineering is an emerging multidisciplinary field that aims at reproducing in vitro and/or in vivo tissues with morphological and functional features similar to the biological tissue of the human body [1]. In the attempt to construct suitable tissue models, a critical step is the setting of 3D scaffolds that mimic the supportive structures of a natural extracellular matrix microenvironment into which cells are normally embedded. In this context, the generation of 3D cultures of brain cells is of particular interest. For instance, the poly L‐lactic acid (PLLA) polymer is wildly used because of its biocompatible and biodegradable potential; the PLLA scaffold topography simulates the n…

Extracellular vesicles from neural stem cells transfer the IFN-gamma/IFNGR1 complex to activate Stat1-dependent signalling in target cells

2014

Extracellular vesicles shedded by mouse mesoangioblasts have paracrine effects on different cell types

2017

Introduction Mouse mesoangioblasts are vessel associated progenitor stem cells endowed with the ability of multipotent mesoderm differentiation. We have already demonstrated that these stem cells, as all the other stem cells, are able to release in the extracellular milieu membrane vesicles (EV) containing biological active molecules, such as FGF2, MMP2/91 and Hsp702. Today takes hold the idea that the vesicles can replace stem cells opening a new scenario in regenerative medicine3. To this aim, we investigated the possible paracrine interaction of mesoangioblast EV on different cell types and their effects. Results and conclusions We have showed that mesoangioblast EV interact with human e…

The role of lipid rafts in vesicle formation

2023

ABSTRACT The formation of membrane vesicles is a common feature in all eukaryotes. Lipid rafts are the best-studied example of membrane domains for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and their existence also is suggested in Archaea membranes. Lipid rafts are involved in the formation of transport vesicles, endocytic vesicles, exocytic vesicles, synaptic vesicles and extracellular vesicles, as well as enveloped viruses. Two mechanisms of how rafts are involved in vesicle formation have been proposed: first, that raft proteins and/or lipids located in lipid rafts associate with coat proteins that form a budding vesicle, and second, vesicle budding is triggered by enzymatic generation of cone-sh…

Molecular profile study of extracellular vesicles for the identification of useful small “hit” in cancer diagnosis

2021

Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monito…

Factor VIIa-induced interaction with integrin controls the release of tissue factor on extracellular vesicles from endothelial cells.

2019

Essentials Prothrombotic extracellular vesicles (EV) carry agonist pathway-specific proteomes Agonists for protease activated receptor (PAR) 2 signaling have distinct effects on EV composition PAR2 signaling rapidly generates prothrombotic EV and slowly EV with inactive tissue factor (TF) FVIIa integrin ligation restricts TF incorporation into EV from endothelial cells SUMMARY: Background Cell injury signal-induced activation and release of tissue factor (TF) on extracellular vesicles (EVs) from immune and vessel wall cells propagate local and systemic coagulation initiation. TF trafficking and release on EVs occurs in concert with the release of cell adhesion receptors, including integrin …

Transmission of Information in Neoplasia by Extracellular Vesicles.

2015

Paracrine interactions among neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells in the immediate tumor microenvironment are important for tumor growth and metastatic spreading. Most of the studies in the past decade addressing these cellular interactions have focused on tumor cell-derived soluble molecules. Recently, these studies and interest have shifted to nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) and especially ectosome and exosome-associated molecules [1]. They contain not only proteins, but also lipids, mRNA, and microRNA [1], which can regulate gene expression in their target cells in a much more pleiotropic manner [1]. While exosomes originate by a sequential process of inward budding of late endosome…

ASTROCYTES SHED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES THAT CONTAIN FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-2 AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR.

2007

An important component of the pathogenic process of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. We recently set an in vitro model of BBB, based on a three-cell-type co-culture system, in which rat neurons and astrocytes synergistically induce brain capillary endothelial cells to form a monolayer with permeability properties resembling those of the physiological BBB. Herein we report that the serum from patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) has a damaging effect on isolated neurons. This finding suggests that neuronal damaging in MS could be a primary event and not only secondary to myelin damage, as generally assumed. SPMS serum affects the perme…

NEURONS PRODUCE FGF-2 AND VEGF SECRETE THEM AT LEST IN PART BY SHEDDING EXTRACELLULAR VESCICLES

2007

Abstract We previously found that neurons are able to affect the ability of brain capillary endothelial cells to form in vitro a monolayer with properties resembling the blood-brain barrier. We then looked, by immunofluorescence and western analysis, for factors, produced by neurons, with the potential to influence growth and differentiation of endothelial cells. In the present paper, we report that neurons produce both vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, two well-known angiogenic factors. More interestingly, we gained evidence that both factors are released by neurons, at least in part, by shedding of extracellular vesicles, that contain β1 integrin, a membra…

Extracellular Vesicles and Tumor-Immune Escape: Biological Functions and Clinical Perspectives

2020

The modulation of the immune system is one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is now widely described that cancer cells are able to evade the immune response and thus establish immune tolerance. The exploration of the mechanisms underlying this ability of cancer cells has always attracted the scientific community and is the basis for the development of new promising cancer therapies. Recent evidence has highlighted how extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a mechanism by which cancer cells promote immune escape by inducing phenotypic changes on different immune cell populations. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) in re…