Search results for "toner"
showing 10 items of 74 documents
From the Golgi-Cajal mapping to the transmitter-based characterization of the neuronal networks leading to two modes of brain communication: Wiring a…
2007
After Golgi-Cajal mapped neural circuits, the discovery and mapping of the central monoamine neurons opened up for a new understanding of interneuronal communication by indicating that another form of communication exists. For instance, it was found that dopamine may be released as a prolactin inhibitory factor from the median eminence, indicating an alternative mode of dopamine communication in the brain. Subsequently, the analysis of the locus coeruleus noradrenaline neurons demonstrated a novel type of lower brainstem neuron that monosynaptically and globally innervated the entire CNS. Furthermore, the ascending raphe serotonin neuron systems were found to globally innervate the forebrai…
Axons take a dive
2014
In the walls of the lateral ventricles of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) and ependymal (E1) cells share the apical surface of the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). In a recent article, we show that supraependymal serotonergic (5HT) axons originating from the raphe nuclei in mice form an extensive plexus on the walls of the lateral ventricles where they contact E1 cells and NSCs. Here we further characterize the contacts between 5HT supraependymal axons and E1 cells in mice, and show that suprependymal axons tightly associated to E1 cells are also present in the walls of the human lateral ventricles. These observations raise interesting questions about the functio…
P-Glycoprotein Influence on the Brain Uptake of a 5-HT2A Ligand: [18F]MH.MZ
2010
<i>Background/Aims:</i> The serotonergic system, especially the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, is involved in various diseases and conditions. We have recently developed a new [<sup>18</sup>F]-5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor ligand using an analogue, MDL 100907, as a basis for molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. This tracer, [<sup>18</sup>F]MH.MZ, has been shown to be an adequate tool to visualize the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors in vivo. However, [<sup>18</sup>F]altanserin, similar in chemical structure, is a substrate of efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), of the blood-brain barrier…
Regional distribution of high-affinity L-tryptophan uptake in rat brain
1978
Abstract L-tryptophan is accumulated by slices of seven regions of the rat brain in a saturable, energy-depending fashion, with K m -values ranging from 53 to 142 μM. The maximal number of L-tryptophan accumulating sites differs only by about two-fold for the brain regions investigated. The regional distribution of the high-affinity L-tryptophan uptake does not correlate with the amount of serotonin synaptosomal uptake and apparent receptor binding. It is assumed that a specific role of the L-tryptophan uptake system within the serotoninergic system in the brain is questionable.
Identification of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in serotonergic cells of raphe nuclei in mice.
2007
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) possesses neuromodulatory functions by influencing the release of various neurotransmitters, including GABA, noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate and acetylcholine. Even though there are studies indicating similar interactions between the ECS and the serotonergic system, there are no results showing clear evidence for type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) location on serotonergic neurons. In this study, we show by in situ hybridization that a low but significant fraction of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei of mice contains CB1 mRNA as illustrated by the coexpression with the serotonergic marker gene tryptophane hydroxylase 2, the rate limiting enzyme for t…
The Association between a MAOB Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism and Cocaine and Opiate Addictions in Polyconsumers
2021
Genetic analysis of the association between alcohol, cocaine, and opiate addiction and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) and serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B and 2C (HTR1B 21 and HTR2C) pathway genes was performed in a sample of 302 polyconsumers. Our genetic association analysis revealed a significant association between a 184 base pair (bp) VNTR polymorphism in the MAOB gene and addiction to cocaine and opiates. This work highlights new genetic marker associations in cocaine and opiate polyconsumer addictions. These data help to clarify and quantify the complex role of genetics in addictive disorders, as well as their …
Neuroendocrine indicators of allostatic load reveal the impact of environmental acidification in fish
2020
Abstract When mobilized from surrounding soils and binding to gills at moderately low pH, aluminum (Al) cations can adversely affect fish populations. Furthermore, acidification may lead to allostatic overload, a situation in which the costs of coping with chronic stress affects long-term survival and reproductive output and, ultimately, ecosystem health. The brain's serotonergic system plays a key role in neuroendocrine stress responses and allostatic processes. Here, we explored whether sublethal effects of Al in acidified water affects serotonergic neurochemistry and stress coping ability in a unique land-locked salmon population from Lake Bygelandsfjorden, in southern Norway. Fish were …
Effects of repeated short episodes of environmental acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from a landlocked population
2020
Abstract Chronic or repeated exposure to environmental contaminants may result in allostatic overload, a physiological situation in which the costs of coping affect long-term survival and reproductive output. Continuous measurements in Otra, the largest river in southern Norway, show the occurrence of repeated 24–48 h episodes of acidification. This work investigates the impact of repeated short acidification episodes on a unique land-locked population of normally anadromous Atlantic salmon (“Bleke”). This was done by recording physiological measures of stress and allostatic load in fish exposed for 7 days to continuous or repeated episodes of simulated environmental acidification or untrea…
Cytoarchitecture and efferent projections of the nucleus incertus of the rat
2003
The nucleus incertus is located caudal to the dorsal raphe and medial to the dorsal tegmentum. It is composed of a pars compacta and a pars dissipata and contains acetylcholinesterase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cholecystokinin-positive somata. In the present study, anterograde tracer injections in the nucleus incertus resulted in terminal-like labeling in the perirhinal cortex and the dorsal endopyriform nucleus, the hippocampus, the medial septum diagonal band complex, lateral and triangular septum medial amygdala, the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, and the lateral habenula. The hypothalamus contained dense plexuses of fibers in the medial forebrain bundle that spread in nearly all n…
Study of Toner Penetration in Papers by Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Optical Profilometry
2023
Four major toners are used in the printing industry, cyan, magenta, yellow and black (Key) for making color images on paper. Paper brands suitable for printing have thin mineral/latex coatings, and toners are applied on top of the coating in the printing process. Chemical compositions from toner to toner, as well as from coating to coating, vary according to the needs of the end user. Interactions between the toner and the coating define the final color formation of the images in printing. Hence, it is important to study characteristics and dynamics of toners on coated papers. In this paper, we have used laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIBS) to provide information on elemental distributi…