Mesoporous silica-based materials for use in biosensors
Abstract There have been great advancements in the development of biosensors capable of characterizing and quantifying biomolecules. This article gives an overview of the formation, the properties and the electrochemical applications of ordered mesoporous silica-based materials in electrocatalysis, electrosorption, matrix immobilization, construction of systems for controlled release of active compounds, sensors, biosensors and immunosensors. We also present a comprehensive overview of current developments and key issues in the determination of some biological molecules with particular emphasis on the evaluation of models.
Electrochemical biosensing using hydrogel nanoparticles
Abstract Biology and medicine have seen great advancements in the development of nanobiosensors capable of characterizing and quantifying biomolecules. This review reports a systematic study of the usefulness of hydrogel nanoparticles (HNPs) in the different steps of the electroanalytical process developed in electrochemical biosensing systems. We illustrate the advantages offered by HNPs in detection of analytes with representative recent examples that highlight the scientific interest in widening the use of HNPs in electrochemical biosensing methods. We review different types of HNP-based electrochemical biosensors, such as enzyme, protein, and nucleic acids, in terms of their sensing per…
Aptamer-based assay of biomolecules: Recent advances in electro-analytical approach
Electrochemical aptasensors, which are based on the specificity of aptamer-target recognition, with electrochemical transduction for analytical purposes have received particular attention due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, simple instrumentation, as well as low production cost. This review summarizes advances from 2009 to January 2017 in the development of electrochemical aptasensors for biological molecules, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins. Various aptasensing strategies are assessed according to their potential for reaching relevant limits of sensitivity, specificity, and degrees of multiplexing. Furthermore, we address the remaining challenges and oppor…
Mesoporous silica materials for use in electrochemical immunosensing
Abstract Silica-based electrochemical immunosensors recently gained much importance for detecting antigens and biomarkers responsible for cancer diagnosis. This review describes fabrication and chemical modification of the surfaces of mesoporous silica materials for biomedical and immunosensing applications. We also present a comprehensive overview of current developments and key issues in the determination of some biological molecules with particular emphasis on evaluating the models.
Current advancement in immunosensing of p53 tumor suppressor protein based on nanomaterials: Analytical approach
Abstract The utility of detection of p53 in tomorrow's personalized health care field will mean early and accurate diagnosis of many types of cancers. This review is meant to provide an overview of the various types of immunosensors and immunoassay have been developed for determination of p53, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies. In addition, this review described: • Most frequently applied principles in immunoassay/immunosensing of p53. • The aspects of fabrication in the perspective of immunoassay/immunosensing applications. • The potential of various electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence immunosensors for the determination of p53 within…
RETRACTED: Optical bio(sensing) using nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots: Recent advances and future challenges
Abstract The exceptional optical properties and the presence of high number of reactive sites make nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) powerful tools in analytical nanoscience and nanotechnology. At the same time, their opto-electronics properties make them excellent nanomaterials for biomedical analysis aspects. This review aims to explore progress to date various features of N-GQDs for optical bio (sensing) of target analytes. Moreover, as another aim of this review is to provide insight into the intensity based spectroscopic methods which are applied in bio (sensing) discussing their advantages and disadvantages. More importantly, we discuss in detail different aspects of the a…
Electrochemical biosensing using N-GQDs: Recent advances in analytical approach
Abstract This review is meant to provide an overview of the electrochemical biosensors based on Nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) for analytical approaches, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies. In addition, this review described: i) Most frequently applied principles in biosensing based on of N-GQDs ii) The aspects of fabrication in the perspective of biosensing applications iii) The potential of various electrochemical, biosensors for the determination of target analytes within sub-micromolar range and the circumvention of the most serious problem in biosensing will be discussed. iv) Some of multiplex electrochemical biosensors ha…
Room-temperature ionic liquid-based electrochemical nanobiosensors
Abstract Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have proved to be excellent materials for applications in electrochemistry. We review progress in constructing high-performance electrochemical biosensors. We also discuss: • different modified electrodes based on RTILs for biosensing applications; • different routes for enzyme biosensing based on RTIL-modified electrodes; • incorporation of biorecognition elements into RTIL-based electrodes; • electroanalytical applications of RTIL-based modified electrodes; and, • recent developments in which the advantages of ILs as a medium for biosensing were realized. We also summarize the latest developments in the applications of RTIL-based electrochem…
Electrochemical nano-immunosensing of effective cardiac biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction
Abstract This review provides an overview of the various types of electrochemical immunosensors that have been developed for determination of cardiac biomarkers, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies. We also summarize the latest developments in the applications of electrochemical immunosensors in ultrasensitive detection of electroactive cardiac biomarkers.
Iron and iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles as signal-amplification elements in electrochemical biosensing
Abstract Growing demands for ultrasensitive biosensing have led to the development of numerous signal-amplification strategies. Based on their unique properties (i.e., electro-conductivity, bio-compatibility and ease of synthesis), various iron magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have proved to be an excellent nanomaterial for applications in electrochemical biosensing. This review shows how iron MNPs have made significant contributions in the development of electrochemical nanobiosensors, including immuno-, enzyme, DNA and aptamer types. More importantly, we discuss in detail different aspects of the electrochemical biosensors (e.g., modes of magnetic particles, detection techniques, analytes an…
Cytosensing of cancer cells using antibody-based molecular imprinting: A short-review
Abstract Rapid and effective differentiation between normal and cancer cells is an important objective for the diagnosis, prognosis and theranosis of tumors. This short review highlights some of the most recent developments on the application of molecular bioimprinting in detection of cancer cells using antibody-based cancer cell recognition method. The particular emphasis of this review is on sample-to-answer devices and approaches that enable down-stream investigation of the properties of the cells. Given the speed, portability, sensitivity and selectivity achieved using molecular bioimprinting technology on cancer cell monitoring, these methods hold the promise of transformative change i…
Materials and methods of signal enhancement for spectroscopic whole blood analysis: Novel research overview
Abstract The early diagnosis of diseases is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality and also for improving the quality of treatment process. Among various biological samples used to follow up the concentrations of disease markers, whole blood sensing can efficiently decrease analysis time by means of introducing methods with no pretreatment. In addition, the direct detection of markers in whole blood facilitates testing procedure and minimize the possibility of the loss of analytes in the process. Therefore, the assay of unprocessed whole blood is becoming increasingly important in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. Incorporation of new advanced materials plays a major role …
Nanosized hydrophobic gels: Advanced supramolecules for use in electrochemical bio- and immunosensing
Abstract Nanosized hydrogels have emerging as versatile supramolecules materials with application in various electrochemical biosensing devices. This review reports a systematic study of the usefulness of nano-sized hydrogels in the different steps of the process of development of electrochemical biosensing systems. The advantages offered by nano-sized hydrogels in detection of analytes are illustrated with representative recent examples that highlight the scientific interest in widening the use of hydrogel nanoparticles in electrochemical biosensing methods. In this review, different types of hydrogel nanoparticles-based electrochemical biosensors, such as enzyme, protein, and nucleic acid…
Early stage diagnosis of programmed cell death (apoptosis) using electroanalysis: Nanomaterial and methods overview
Timely monitoring of apoptosis can effectively assist early diagnosis of related diseases and continuous evaluation of the efficacy of drugs. Therefore, developing advanced methods for apoptosis evaluation has attracted more and more attention. In addition, the increased demand for understanding the early stages of apoptosis is pushing the envelope for solutions in early instance real-time monitoring of death kinetics. In this review, various types of electro-analytical methods for detection of apoptosis were discussed. The emphasis is placed in diagnosis of apoptosis based on cyto-, immune-, geno-, apta-, and peptide based biosensing strategies. In the first part of review, various electro…
Current advancement in electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters in biological fluids
Abstract Analysis of neurotransmitters is useful for the diagnosis of central nervous system diseases. This review gives a general view of recent advances in the development of electrochemical sensors for detection/determination of neurotransmitters. The purpose of the review is to provide useful insights in terms of ( a ) choice of materials, ( b ) methods/techniques preferably applied, ( c ) immobilization procedures, and ( d ) other practical aspects. Following an introduction into the field, we give a short account on the principle and general types of electrochemical sensors, and then treat sensing methods for neurotransmitters. It is subdivided into sections on ( i ) Dopamine ( ii ) A…
Early stage screening of breast cancer using electrochemical biomarker detection
Recently researchers have driven their attention in the development of biosensors for breast cancer detection using different biomarkers. This review reports a systematic study of the usefulness of marker-based electrochemical biosensors in breast cancer and its early diagnosis. Also, various types of electro-analytical methods for early stage screening of breast cancer were discussed. The emphasis is placed on immune-, geno- cyto- and enzyme-biosensing strategies. In addition, the advantages offered by some nano-materials in detection of breast cancer biomarkers are illustrated with representative recent examples that highlight the scientific interest in widening the use of new materials/m…
Optical immunosensing of effective cardiac biomarkers on acute myocardial infarction
Abstract This review describes: • the advantages of examples of optical methods used in immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers and their reported applications, stressing their potential for future developments; • evaluation of some progress toward viable cardiac-biomarker measurements for detection and diagnostics of myocardial infarction; and, • trends in the development of optical immunosensors, including integrated immunosensors, and the application of nanotechnology and microfluidic technology.
Dendrimer-encapsulated and cored metal nanoparticles for electrochemical nanobiosensing
Abstract We discuss nanosized dendrimers from the point of view of electrochemical-biosensor design. We review electrochemical biosensors based on dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles (NPs) and their various applications (e.g., measurement of small biological and toxic molecules, detection of DNA, and immunosensing of disease biomarkers). Finally, we discuss some future applications of electrochemical biosensors based on dendrimer-encapsulated metal NPs.
Nanomaterials for use in immunosensing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Recent advances
Abstract This review (with 86 refs.) covers the state of the art in electrochemical and optical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The purpose of the review is to provide useful insights in terms of (a) choice of materials, (b) methods/techniques preferably applied, (c) immunological procedures, (d) immobilization procedures, and (d) other practical aspects. Following an introduction into the field, we give a short account on the principle and general types of immunoassay, and then treat immunoassay for CEA. The first section covers nanomaterial based electrochemical immunoassay, with subsections on using of nanoparticles, hyperbranched polymers, graphene and their derivatives f…
Peptide based biosensors
Abstract This review provides an overview of the various types of (bio)sensors based on peptides for their analytical use, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies. So, it will be described: i) principles in biosensing using peptides ii) aspects of fabrication in the perspective of (bio)sensing applications iii) potential of electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, and optical (bio)sensors for the determination of target analytes within sub-nanomolar range also discussing the main problems in (bio)sensing iv) multiplex electrochemical and optical (bio)sensors, both with and without labels. v) Latest developments in the appli…
Non-invasive diagnosis of oral cancer: The role of electro-analytical methods and nanomaterials
Abstract Oral cancer is a kind of head and neck cancer and is each cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity. Non-invasive early diagnosis of oral cancer is the most effective means to reduce death from this disease or increase the survival time. In this review, various types of electro-analytical methods for detection of oral cancer were discussed. The emphasis is placed on non-invasive detection of oral based on immune-, geno-, cyto-, apta-, and enzyme-biosensing strategies. In the first part of review, various electrochemical immunosensing methods for the detection of common biomarker in oral cancer and examines their potential as a new method were discussed. In the second part …
Recent advances in nanostructures and nanocrystals as signal-amplification elements in electrochemical cytosensing
Abstract Considering the vital role of cells in life science and human health, cytosensors have become a hot research topic. Electrochemical cytosensors attract much attention. In this review, we discuss some recent efforts to construct novel and improved electrochemical cytosensors based on graphene, carbon nanotubes, some metal-nanoparticle composites, quantum dots, nanofibers and nanowires. In addition, we summarize examples of nanostructure applications in electrochemical cytosensing reported in the literature from 2009 to date, with their advantages and limitations, and stress their potential for future development. Also, we focus on the current surface-modification strategies with som…
Anti-bacterial activity of graphene oxide as a new weapon nanomaterial to combat multidrug-resistance bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance in microbial pathogens has become a serious health problem in the world. The increasing spread of hospital acquired infections especially in immunocompromised and cancer patients caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbial pathogens is restricting the choices for impressive antibiotic therapy. So many efforts have been made to develop new compounds with antimicrobial activity. In recent years, nanoparticles, particularly graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles have found many applications in various fields, including antibacterial action, pathogens bio detection, cancer therapy, and drug and gene delivery. The use of graphene oxide as an antibacterial agent for the treatme…
Mesoporous silica-based materials for use in electrochemical enzyme nanobiosensors
Abstract Biology and medicine have seen great advancements in the development of enzyme nanobiosensors capable of characterizing and quantifying biomolecules. We provide an overview of mesoporous silica (MPS)-based enzyme nanobiosensors developed for biological and medical applications, and we describe significant advances in these technologies. We review progress in constructing high-performance electrochemical enzyme biosensors. We also discuss: • MCM-41 and SBA-15-modified and MPS composite electrodes for enzyme biosensing; • incorporation of biorecognition elements into MPS material electrodes for enzyme biosensing; and, • MCM-41 and SBA-15-supported electrocatalytic MPS-based electroch…
Ensuring food safety using aptamer based assays: Electroanalytical approach
Aptamers, are being increasingly employed as favorable receptors for constructing highly sensitive biosensors, for their remarkable affinities towards certain targets including a wide scope of biological or chemical substances, and their superiority over other biologic receptors. The selectivity and affinity of the aptamers have been integrated with the wise design of the assay, applying suitable modifications, such as nanomaterials on the electrode surface, employing oligonucleotide-specific amplification strategies or, their combinations. After successful performance of the electrochemical aptasensors for biomedical applications, the food sector with its direct implication for human healt…