Evaluating the impact of vegetal and microalgae protein sources on proximate composition, amino acid profile, and physicochemical properties of fermented Spanish “chorizo” sausages

Stability of fatty acids and tocopherols during cold storage of human milk

The stability of fatty acids and tocopherols from human milk from 8 healthy lactating mothers was determined in fresh milk and after cold storage. Refrigeration at 4 °C for 48 h or freezing at −20 °C for 30 days did not significantly decrease fatty acid contents (mg per 100 g human milk), or concentrations of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol isomers, compared with fresh milk. Results obtained in the present study showed that cold storage under the usual storage conditions in neonatal units, at home or in milk banks did not have a detrimental effect upon fatty acids and tocopherols contents in human milk. Thus, infants can receive stored human milk without losses in the nutritional value of these…

Determination of sialic acid and gangliosides in biological samples and dairy products: A review

Gangliosides are sphingolipids containing one or more moieties of sialic acid in their structure. Both gangliosides and sialic acid are bioactive compounds related to animal physiology. Due to their biological relevance, analytical methods adapted to each type of matrix have been developed over time. The present study reviews the main methods applied to the analysis of sialic acid and gangliosides in biological samples and dairy products.

Comparison of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for determining sialic acid in infant formulas

Abstract Two methods for determining sialic acid in infant formulas – spectrophotometry and HPLC with fluorescence detection – have been optimised and validated, the first one allows to determine total sialic acid while the second allows to differentiate the two main forms of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)). A common sample preparation procedure (hydrolysis and purification) for both methods has been proposed. The linearity (from 6 to 150 μg of total sialic acid in the assay for spectrophotometry, and from 12.5 to 250 ng and 1 to 5 ng of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, respectively, for HPLC) is adequate. The detection and quantification limits (0.29…

Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on sialic acid and gangliosides present in human milk and infant formulas.

The effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion upon sialic acid and gangliosides in infant and follow-on formulas and human milk, as well as their bioaccessibility, have been evaluated. The gastric stage is the step that causes a greater decrease in sialic acid and ganglioside contents. The intestinal stage only decreases the total and individual contents of gangliosides. After gastrointestinal digestion, neither sialic acid nor gangliosides were found in the nonbioaccessible fraction. The highest bioaccessibility (100 × content in soluble fraction after gastrointestinal digestion/total content) of sialic acid is found in human milk (87%), followed by infant formula (77%) and follow-on…

Proximate Composition and Nutritional Value of Three Macroalgae: Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcata

Proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash content) and nutritional value (fatty acid, amino acid and mineral profile) of three macroalgae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcate) were studied. Chemical composition was significantly (p < 0.001) different among the three seaweeds. In this regard, the B. bifurcata presented the highest fat content (6.54% of dry matter); whereas, F. vesiculosus showed the highest protein level (12.99% dry matter). Regarding fatty acid content, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were the most abundant followed by saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). On the other hand, the three seawe…

Vitamin E as an IgE inhibitor: stability during cold storage of human milk

Human breast milk is recommended as the unique food for neonates based on its known properties. When the production of milk by themother is not sufcient or the mother is not able to feed her child for professional reasons, milk banks or the mothers’ practice ofcollecting their own milk are the existing alternatives for breast-feeding. In both situations cold storage (refrigeration or freezing) can beused in neonatal units, at home and in human milk banks

Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched low-fat milk on serum lipoprotein profile in mildly hypercholesterolaemic patients are not related to dietary cholesterol or saturated fat intake

Phytosterols (PS) are recommended to reduce LDL-cholesterol. However, the influence of cholesterol and fat intake on the lipid-lowering effect of PS in mildly hypercholesterolaemia is unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the efficacy of PS is related to the composition of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol intake. Additionally, serum carotenoid content was analysed to evaluate to what extent it was undermined by PS. This was a 3-month randomised, parallel trial with a three-arm design. Patients were divided into three groups: healthy diet (n 24), healthy diet + PS (n 31) and free diet + PS (n 29), receiving 2 g/d of PS. Healthy and free diets were character…

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols

A healthy diet and plant sterols (PS) are recommended for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and, subsequently, the risk of premature cardiovascular disease PS mediate a decrease in fat-soluble vitamin concentration, which can lead to a general impairment of antioxidative defenses and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a healthy diet, including PS-enriched low-fat milk, on cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This was a randomized parallel trial employing 40 subjects and consisting of two 3-month intervention phases. After 3 months on a standard healthy diet, subjects were divided into two inter…

Sialic acid (N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and ganglioside in whey protein concentrates and infant formulae

Abstract Sialic acid and gangliosides content and profiles were analyzed in infant formulae, whey protein concentrates and human milk. In infant formulae, N-acetylneuraminic (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic (Neu5Gc) acid ranged from 147.6–199.7 to 3.3–8.3 mg L −1 , in whey protein concentrate from 1.6–2.4 g 100 g −1 to 2.8–20.2 mg 100 g −1 and in human milk from 299.9 to 2.1 mg L −1 . Gangliosides ranged from 0.25 to 2.29 mg lipid-bound sialic acid L −1 in reconstituted infant formula, the main gangliosides being GD 3 (73.3–55.5%), GM 3 (3.5–36.6%) and GT 3 (1.4–14.1%) and O-acetyl-GD 3 (5.3–18.9%). In whey protein concentrates, 0.7–55.6 mg lipid-bound sialic acid 100 g −1 were found with …