Experimental Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Behaviour for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

An experimental study of lithium-ion battery thermal behaviour for automotive applications is presented. Experiments are conducted for a pack of three battery cells which encounter a series of different discharge and cooling conditions. Results show the different temperature distribution on different locations of the battery cell surface with the highest temperature increase near the positive and negative electrode. The temperature increases sharply if the state of charge (SOC) is too small (less then 20%). Higher discharge rate contributes to higher temperature increase and bigger maximum and minimum temperature difference. Higher cooling air velocity helps to decrease the overall temperat…

Etude Piv De L'évolution Instationnaire De L'écoulement Entourant Un Véhicule Soumis À Un Vent Latéral.

Les techniques de PIV résolue en temps et de PIV stéréoscopique sont appliquées autour de corps automobiles soumis à un coup de vent latéral. Ainsi, l’évolution instationnaire des efforts aérodynamiques peut être interprétée en lien avec la topologie de l’écoulement. On montre en particulier que la réponse instationnaire du véhicule est dominée par le transitoire de la partie arrière. Le développement de la structure tourbillonnaire d’axe longitudinal apparaissant du côté sous le vent du véhicule soumis à un dérapage apparaît jouer un rôle important dans la réponse instationnaire de efforts aérodynamiques.

Caractérisation de la combustion des biocarburants oxygénés pour les applications de mobilités 

International audience

An Experimental and Modelling Study of the Oxidation of Cyclopentanol at High Pressure

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Oxidation of pentan-2-ol -Part II: Experimental and modeling study

International audience; The oxidation of pentan-2-ol was investigated at high-pressure in a jet-stirred reactor and in a shock tube. Experiments in the JSR were carried out at 10 atm, between 500-1180 K, for five different equivalence ratios of = 0.35, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 1000 ppm of fuel, at a constant residence time of 0.7 s. Reactant, product and intermediate species mole fractions were quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC). Ignition delay times were measured for pentan-2-ol/O 2 mixtures in argon in a shock tube at 20 and 40 bar, in a temperature range of 1070-1460 K and for equivalence ratios of = 0.5, 1 and 2. Ignition delay times of a…

Parametric Design and Sizing of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Racing Car

Étude expérimentale et simulation de l'oxydation du 3-pentanol à haute pression

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Energy management strategy to reduce pollutant emissions during the catalyst light-off of parallel hybrid vehicles

Abstract The transportation sector is a major contributor to both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid electric vehicles can reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by optimizing the energy management of the powertrain. The purpose of this study is to examine the trade-off between regulated pollutant emissions and hybrid powertrain efficiency. The thermal dynamics of the three-way catalyst are taken into account in order to optimize the light-off. Experimental campaigns are conducted on a spark-ignition engine to introduce simplified models for emissions, exhaust gas temperature, catalyst heat transfers and efficiency. These models are used to determine the optimal distribut…

A comparative high-pressure shock tube study on the ignition of pentanol isomers: 1-, 2- and 3- pentanol

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Etude de l’auto-inflammation de l’éthanol à haute pression et basse température

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An energy and power based approach toward design of power split for urban hybrid vehicle

This work presents a novel method of analyzing real and artificial urban driving cycles with regard to power and energy needs. The results can be used to facilitate the design of the power split between primary and secondary power sources for hybrid vehicles in urban applications. Based on the analysis of different real and artificial driving cycles three key values are defined that allow predefining the size of the primary and secondary power source.

Optimizing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of a SI engine for eco-driving applications

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A comparative high-pressure jet-stirred reactor study on the oxidation of pentanol isomers: 1-, 2- and 3- pentanol

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Optimizing Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine for Eco-driving Applications

VPPC 2018, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Chicago, ETATS-UNIS, 27-/08/2018 - 30/08/2018; The transportation sector is a major contributor to both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While optimizing fuel consumption reduces CO2 emissions, it can increase fuel-rich operation and cause higher HC and CO emissions. A simplified emissions model is thus introduced in order to account for the impact of air/fuel ratio on both the exhaust concentration of regulated pollutants and the catalyst efficiency. This model is used to solve the eco-driving problem with dynamic programming and a weighted objective function. An emission-centered and a consumption-centered scenario are compare…

Artificial driving cycles for the evaluation of energetic needs of electric vehicles

International audience; This article presents a novel method to simulate artificial driving cycles that have the same significant characteristics as measured driving cycles. The driving cycles are based on only two different easily accessible parameters namely mean velocity and mean positive acceleration as well as their standard variations. Those parameters allow to adapt the driving cycles to different cycle types (urban, extra urban, highway), length and duration. Other than know drive cycle simulators, the approach is based on normal distribution of velocities and accelerations, thus needing to analyze only few cycles for the initialization.

Prédiction de cycle et stratégie de gestion énergétique basée sur une méthode d’optimisation globale

International audience; La nécessité de prédire le cycle de conduite d’un automobiliste afin d’améliorer sa gestion énergétique et ainsi réduire la consommation de carburant a été démontré (Debert, Quigley). Dès lors, il serait aisé d’appliquer une méthode d’optimisation globale, telle que la Programmation Dynamique (DP en anglais), pour obtenir la stratégie optimale. Cette méthode est déjà utilisée dans de nombreuses applications (Sciarretta), mais au quotidien nombreux sont les facteurs environnants qui peuvent perturber les conditions de circulation (météo, travaux, accidents....) et impacter le cycle de conduite. Il est donc nécessaire d’élaborer une stratégie adaptative en temps réel. …

Interface to Create Driving Cycles and Load Profiles for Different Kinds of Vehicles.

With the development of the automotive industry and computer technology, the demand for the vehicle power system simulation is also growing. A good simulation model can be fast and accurate to estimate the power performance, energy demand and operational efficiency for different driving cycles and different vehicles. Based on the background, the purpose of this interface is to allow users to quickly select/create driving cycles, load profiles for different vehicles and choose the calculation approach in order to simulate the vehicle dynamic performance in the running process, the results values can be displayed and plotted by 2D&3D form through this interface.

A Numerical Optimisation of a Stirling Engine

International audience; A zero dimensional finite-time thermodynamic, three zones model of a generic Stirling engine has been developed and experimentally validated. Taking into account time-dependant heat transfers and losses, the model calculates the evolution of gas temperature, mass and pressure in each zone.

An experimental and kinetic modeling study on the oxidation of 1,3-dioxolane

International audience; The modern catalytic or enzymatic advances allow the production of novel biofuel. Among them, 1,3dioxolane can be produced from formaldehyde and ethylene glycol, both can be obtained from biomass. In this study, the oxidation of 1,3-dioxolane is studied at stoichiometric conditions. The ignition delay times of 1,3-dioxolane/O 2 /inert mixtures were measured in a shock tube and in a rapid compression machine at pressures of 20 to 40 bar and temperatures ranging from 630 to 1300 K. The pressure profiles recorded in the rapid compression machine show a first stage of ignition enlightening the influence of the low temperature chemistry of combustion. Furthermore, mole fr…

An experimental and kinetic modeling study on the reactivity of 1,3-dioxolane under engine-relevant condition

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Simulation et modélisation des processus de pulvérisation

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Characterisation of a commercial automotive lithium ion battery using extended Kalman filter

This paper presents a extented Kalman filter based on a dynamic model of a commercial lithium ion battery pack in automotive applications, and experimental data are collected using the Noao. This vehicle is an electric track with range extender, which has been developed and produced by the association Pole de Performance de Nevers Magny-Cours (PPNMC). This model has been developed with MATLAB/Simulink to investigate the output characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. It incorporates I-V performance of the battery, battery capacity fading, temperature effect on battery performance, and the battery temperature rise. This estimation technique is used in order to estimate some parameters, whic…

Simulation de l'écoulement de vent et de son contrôle autour d'un objet de géométrie d'un immeuble

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A simplified thermal model for the three way catalytic converter

TAP 2016, 21st International Transport and Air Pollution Conference, LYON, FRANCE, 24-/05/2016 - 26/05/2016; A semi empirical model based on thermodynamic behaviour of a three way catalytic converter has been proposed to predict temperature evolution of the converter during the cold start. The model is based on energy and mass balance in the TWC considered as control volume. Parameters of the heat equations are identified separately using a step by step approach. Thermocouples have been inserted along the monolith canals to measure the axial evolution of temperature. Experiments on the engine test bench have been conducted to identify the parameters and to validate the model.

Forces and flow structures evolution on a car body in a sudden crosswind

A vehicle driver is commonly exposed to strong side air flows, for example when passing through a wind gust. The aerodynamic efforts generated in these situations may induce undesired lateral deviations, which can lead to dramatic effects, if the driver is surprised. In order to simulate a sudden yaw angle change on a moving vehicle, a double wind tunnel facility, adapted from the one of Ryan, Dominy, 2000. Wake Surveys Behind a Passenger Car Subjected to a Transient Cross-wind Gust. SAE Technical Paper No. 2000-01-0874 is developed. Two Windsor car body models, differing from their rear geometry, are analysed. The transient evolution of the side force and yaw moment aerodynamic coefficient…

Energetic macroscopic representation and inversion based control of fuel cell in a series hybrid race vehicle system

This paper studies the replacement of engine and generator as range extender in a hybrid racing car with a fuel cell system. A model of the original system of the car using range extender consisting of an internal combustion engine and electric generator has been developed respecting the action-reaction principle used by energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) and its inversion based control (IBC) to organise its subsystems interconnection according to the physical causality. Results from drive tests of the real car on racing circuit are used to validate the model. The objective of this paper is to study the parameterisation and the integration of fuel cell stack components based on this…

On the design of novel access and methodology for optical diagnostics inside internal combustion engines under severe operating conditions

International audience; Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines and this anniversary is wortha celebration! It indicates that THIESEL has acquired over the past 20 years aconsolidated position as a meeting point between industry, research institutionsand academia involved in R&D for automotive engines. And naturally, it strives toremain a reference forum for the next 20 years.True, combustion engines are widely unpopular nowadays and manufacturersface even tougher environmental challenges. However, no doubt combustionengines will remain the main propulsion system in transport for the next 20 to 50years, at least for as long as alternative solutions cannot provide the flexibility…

An experimental and modelling study of the oxidation of 3-pentanol at high pressure

International audience; High pressure oxidation of 3-pentanol is investigated in a jet-stirred reactor and in a shock tube. Experiments in the reactor were carried out at 10 atm, between 730 and 1180 K, for equivalence ratios of 0.35, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 1000 ppm fuel, at a constant residence time of 0.7 s. Reactant, product and intermediate species mole fractions were recorded using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC). Ignition delay times were measured for 3-pentanol/O2 mixtures in argon in a shock tube at 20 and 40 bar, in a temperature range of 1000–1470 K and for equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2. The fuel did not show any low-temperature reactivity…

Predictive Energy Management for Hybrid Vehicles Based on Driving Cycle Recognition

International audience; This article presents a novel approach to design an optimum energy management for a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on driving cycle recognition. Thanks to an intensive study of driver habits, an important part of cycles is predictable. Optimized energy management can be developed for representative cycles via DP. Those results can be applied to the same cycle with slight adaptations thereafter with quality factors above 98%.

Methyl-3-Hexenoate Combustion Chemistry: Experimental Study and Numerical Kinetic Simulation

International audience; This work represents a detailed investigation of combustion and oxidation of methyl-3-hexenoate (CAS Number 2396-78-3), including experimental studies of combustion and oxidation characteristics, quantum chemistry calculations and kinetic model refinement. Following experiments have been carried out: Speciation measurements during oxidation in a jet-stirred reactor at 1 atm; chemical speciation measurements in a stoichiometric premixed flame at 1 atm using molecular-beam mass-spectrometry; ignition delay times measurements in a shock tube at 20 and 40 bar; and laminar burning velocity measurements at 1 atm using a heat-flux burner over a range of equivalence ratios. …

An experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of 3-pentanol at high pressure

International audience; High pressure oxidation of 3-pentanol is investigated in a jet-stirred reactor and in a shock tube. Experiments in the reactor were carried out at 10 atm, between 730 and 1180 K, for equivalence ratios of 0.35, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 1000 ppm fuel, at a constant residence time of 0.7 s. Reactant, product and intermediate species mole fractions were recorded using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC). Ignition delay times were measured for 3-pentanol/O2 mixtures in argon in a shock tube at 20 and 40 bar, in a temperature range of 1000–1470 K and for equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2. The fuel did not show any low-temperature reactivity…

Simulation and modelization of sprays, a focus on drop fragmentation

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Wind flow simulation and control around a building shape body

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ADAPTION OF MULTI-PHYSICS PEM FUEL CELL MODEL USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

This paper presents the adaption of an existing multiphysics 1D fuel cell model to an existing PEM fuel cell system. The input parameters of the model are separated into system properties, linked to physical values, and running conditions. On the 40 system properties required, a sensitivity analysis was applied in order to identify that only four membrane properties have the most influence on the stack voltage. These parameter values were identified by optimization. The prediction accuracy with the new parameter values decreased to 1.48%.

Simple method of estimating consumption of internal combustion engine for hybrid application

This article presents two simple methods to evaluate the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. Furthermore, it points out the link between piston volume, engine size and fuel consumption as it gives the possibility to visualize the chosen working points inside an internal combustion engine operation points map. This leads to the fact that this approach is a very helpful tool for the design of hybrid systems including internal combustion engines. The two presented methods, one very simple, one more elaborated, are interesting as first approach of internal combustion engine sizing and to evaluate the consumption of internal combustion engine. The results for six pure internal combu…

Vaporization Characteristics of Ethanol Droplets: Influence of the Environment Humidity

The study of the gasification of a droplet via vaporization, which involves heat, mass and momentum transfer processes in gas and liquid phases, and their coupling at the droplet interface, is necessary for better understanding and modeling of complex spray and mixture formation issues. A detailed description of the vaporization of an isolated droplet has been realized in this experimental study aimed at investigating the impact of the water vapor contained in the surrounding gas on the evaporation of an ethanol droplet. The experimental set-up consists of a heated chamber with a cross quartz fibers configuration as droplet support. An ethanol droplet is located at the intersection of the c…

Vaporization characteristics of 1-propanol droplets at high temperatures

International audience; The gasification of a droplet via vaporization is one of the main processes in combustion systems, namely diesel and propulsion engines. In these combustion systems, always the liquid fuel is atomized as a cloud of droplets in the chamber, which then vaporizes, and mixes with the oxidant and burns to release heat. Therefore, to afford a better knowledge especially in modelling complex spray flows and mixture formation issues, the study of the droplet vaporization which involves mass, heat and momentum transfer processes is really vital. Alcohol has been chosen for this particular study due to its potential as an alternative fuel to the current conventional hydrocarbo…

A simplified temperature model for the three way catalytic converter

International audience; A semi empirical model based on thermodynamic behaviour of a three way catalytic converter has been proposed to predict temperature evolution of the converter during the cold start. The model is based on energy and mass balance in the TWC considered as control volume. Parameters of the heat equations are identified separately using a step by step approach. Thermocouples have been inserted along the monolith canals to measure the axial evolution of temperature. Experiments on the engine test bench have been conducted to identify the parameters and to validate the model.

More Insight Into Methyl-3-Hexenoate Combustion Kinetics: Low-Pressure Premixed Flame Structure, High-Pressure Ignition Delay Time Measurements and Mechanism Development

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Oxidation of pentan-2-ol – Part II: Experimental and modeling study

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Spray Atomization Models in Engine Applications, from Correlations to Direct Numerical Simulations

Sprays are among the very main factors of mixture formation and combustion quality in almost every (IC) engine. They are of great importance in pollutant formation and energy efficiency although adequate modeling is still on development. For many applications, validation and calibration of models are still an open question. Therefore, we present an overview of existing models and propose some trends of improvement. Models are classified in zero dimensional and dimensional classes ranging from simple formulations aimed at close-to-real-time applications to complete detailed description of early atomization stages.

An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study of Ethanol / Dme Mixtures Auto-Ignition

Thermal Engine and Climate Change Challenge

Thermal engines have dominated sectors of economy, and particularly transportation. Their current development and state of the art are the results of XXth century priorities related to economy and environment. In the future, thermal engines will face the challenge of emerging technologies in the frame of sustainable mobility and development. After an analysis of functioning principles and perspectives of development, particularly of combustion engines, thermal engines are compared to other realistic scenarios for transports applications in well-to-wheel and life cycle analysis.

Solving the riddle of the high-temperature chemistry of 1,3-dioxolane

Development and validation of a 5 stroke engine for range extenders application

International audience; A 5-stroke turbo-charged port-injection spark-ignition engine has been developed in the present study for use as a range extender or series-hybrid main power source. The development and the design of the engine are based on 0D/1D model and experimental results have been compared with the engine model. The 5-stroke engine is a three-cylinder in which two cylinders perform a four-stroke cycle and alternatively a second expansion of the burnt gases is performed in the third cylinder. The boost pressure delivered by the turbocharger is controlled by a particular innovative system called “smart wastegate”, different from a conventional wastegate, consisting in a variable …

Numerical investigation of boundary layer detachment by active flow control

International audience; After decades of investigations have failed to produce a positive outcome on flow control technologies that requires complex devices and micro-plumbing, recent technologies like synthetic jets, DBD (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) seems to be promising and these technologies can overcome limitations of the old ones. Our work mainly deals with delaying boundary layer detachment of over an aerodynamic body (Air foil). In this paper we produce our study of an active flow control device over the BL detachment point over a circular cylinder by the aid of simulations. Results from the uncontrolled flow seem to be in accordance with literature and the presence of the jet has …

An experimental and kinetic modeling study on the reactivity of 1,3-dioxolane under engine relevant conditions

International audience

A high-pressure shock tube characterization and auto-ignition delay investigations

International audience; A high pressure shock tube “HPST” has been designed for the purpose of chemical kinetics studies at elevated pressures and temperatures. The present HPST is designed as a versatile tool and includes the features of a fast compression, optical accessibility, and capability for specie measurement. Characterization experiments establish the suitability of the tube for chemical kinetic studies and show that highly repeatable experimental conditions up to 40 bar and temperatures between 1300 and 2000 K can be obtained. As well, tailoring gas mixture in the driver section, used to obtain a longer test time, is studied in the characterization experiments. Using this facilit…

Dynamic Modeling and Driving Cycle Prediction for a Racing Series Hybrid Car

International audience; This paper presents Noao, a plug-in series hybrid racing car equipped with an engine/generator set as range extender. To determine the velocity profile, i.e., performance of the car and its power profile, a dynamic model for this car is developed using pedal position as input. This value is easy to measure, representative for race cycles, and presents a novelty. The model is validated with the results from experiments. An analysis based on the map of Magny-Cours racing circuit and drivers pedal action on certain zones of the circuit is formulated and is used as a prediction tool to determine drivers inputs on other racing circuits and generate driving schedules. The …

An experimental and modelling study of the oxidation of cyclopentanol at high pressures

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