6533b82cfe1ef96bd128eaca

RESEARCH PRODUCT

Calibration and Characterization of the IceCube Photomultiplier Tube

Ignacio TaboadaC. Pérez De Los HerosF. RothmaierPeter MészárosMatthias GeislerTodor StanevDawn WilliamsM. R. DuvoortDarren GrantB. RuzybayevF. DescampsA. SlipakS. TilavH. MiyamotoJay GallagherJ. Van SantenY. HasegawaP. NießenA. TepeR. L. ImlayM. LabareG. WikströmT. GrieselR. FrankeC. WalckA. SchukraftK. LaihemR. EhrlichDirk RyckboschK. BeattieO. SchulzThomas K. GaisserG. B. YodhK. WiebeChristian BohmM. KrasbergM. V. D'agostinoAxel GroßAxel GroßQ. SwillensDavid A. SchneiderA. OlivasJohn ClemJon DummA. GoldschmidtG. C. HillM. MatusikM. PrikockisT. WaldenmaierJoanna KirylukJoanna KirylukMichael J. BakerJ. DreyerS. SeunarineJ. M. JosephA. LaundrieG. StephensSpencer KleinSpencer KleinS. WesterhoffP. B. PriceThomas MeuresL. GladstoneJ. J. BeattyD. SeckelO. TarasovaA. PiegsaJenni AdamsM. DanningerA. R. FazelyP. A. ToaleKlas HultqvistN. MilkeC. HaKara HoffmanY. SestayoM. MerckH. LandsmanM. L. BenabderrahmaneD. RutledgeS. YoshidaJ. PosseltM. WalterA. RizzoStijn BuitinkT. O. B. SchmidtGeorge JaparidzeJ.-p. HülßT. KowarikChristian SpieringCarsten RottP. RothR. NahnhauerDave NygrenH. S. MatisS. H. SeoN. Van EijndhovenS. KnopsJustin VandenbrouckeR. J. LauerM. BissokO. EngdegårdParaic A. KennyJuanan AguilarA. TamburroTakao KuwabaraN. KitamuraD. WahlK. MaseReina H. MaruyamaKurt WoschnaggPaul EvensonWolfgang RhodeKaren AndeenD. BerleyC. De ClercqS. HickfordR. G. StokstadB. VoigtXinhua BaiChristopher WiebuschXianwu XuR. MorseP. RoblB. ChristyD. TurcanFrancis HalzenL. DemirörsJ. L. KelleyLaura C. BradleyP. ZarzhitskyP. BerghausS. SchlenstedtO. DepaepeG. KrollMarkus AhlersK. RawlinsR. WischnewskiE. BlaufussS. EulerS. StoyanovDmitry ChirkinR. LehmannP. O. HulthJ. EischG. De Vries-uiterweerdB. SemburgA. Van OverloopC. TerranovaO. FadiranG. W. SullivanAlexander KappesA.c. PohlA.c. PohlDamian PielothH. WissingJ. LünemannS. M. MovitR. PorrataJames MadsenT. KringsD. HubertElisa ResconiNathan WhitehornE. A. StrahlerJ. BerdermannPh. HerquetR. C. BayR. W. EllsworthSamvel Ter-antonyanS. CohenM. OnoD. J. BoersmaT. DeyoungJ. L. Bazo AlbaKael HansonJ. K. BeckerT. Abu-zayyadJ. W. NamHermann KolanoskiA. SchultesL. KöpkeT. StraszheimPratik MajumdarH. G. SanderS. OdrowskiA. HomeierN. KemmingJames E. BraunC. ColnardM. M. FoersterLarissa PaulAya IshiharaS. BechetT. FeuselsSteven W. BarwickS.j. LafebreP. RedlJ. E. JacobsenTeresa MontaruliP. SandstromAllan HallgrenPaolo DesiatiJ. AuffenbergL. GerhardtL. GerhardtRasha AbbasiChun XuR. GanugapatiK. HoshinaE. MiddellElisa BernardiniKarl-heinz KampertD. F. CowenKirill FilimonovGlenn SpiczakChris WendtAlbrecht KarleM. KowalskiM. RibordyChad FinleySubir SarkarU. NaumannA. SilvestriK. H. BeckerJ. P. RodriguesT. StezelbergerJ. PetrovicR. M. GunasinghaMichael StamatikosK. MeagherS. HussainD. J. KoskinenM. OlivoM. OlivoJ. A. GoodmanS. GrullonM. J. CarsonS. PankninY. AbdouFabian KislatJ. C. Díaz-vélezTimo KargD. Z. BessonJ. HaugenM. SchunckC. RoucelleK. KuehnD. BertrandM. WallraffM. GurtnerB. D. FoxDirk LennarzHenrik J. JohanssonW. HuelsnitzK. HelbingAnna FranckowiakK. SchattoG. KohnenD. TosiGerald PrzybylskiM. InabaK. HanOlga Botner

subject

Nuclear and High Energy PhysicsPhotomultiplier[PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE]PhotonPhysics::Instrumentation and Detectors[SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO]Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical PhenomenaFOS: Physical sciencesCosmic rayContext (language use)AstrophysicsAetiology screening and detection [ONCOL 5]01 natural sciencesIceCube Neutrino Observatory[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO]Optics0103 physical sciencesNeutrinoCherenkovddc:530Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)010303 astronomy & astrophysicsInstrumentationCosmic raysCherenkov radiationPhysicsCherenkov; Cosmic rays; Ice; Neutrino; PMT010308 nuclear & particles physicsbusiness.industry[SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE]IceAstrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for AstrophysicsPMTNeutrinoPhotonicsAstrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysicsbusiness

description

Over 5,000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-inch diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.

yearjournalcountryeditionlanguage
2010-06-01
10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102