Search results for "CQ"
showing 10 items of 1801 documents
Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells to Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
2015
In the past decades, the hierarchical organization of tumors, governed by Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), have been reported with regard to several tumor types. Advances in sequencing technologies have demonstrated that diverse genetic CSCs subclones, derived from the branching evolution, compete with each other within the tumor mass, thereby contributing to the functional heterogeneity. It is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental influences are important determinants of tumor fitness resulting in disease progression, recurrence and reduced patient survival. Therefore, more effective therapies will require gaining insights into the role of genetic and no…
The T-cell response in patients with cancer
2002
Publisher Summary The chapter examines several methods to measure human T-cell responses, including ELISPOT analysis, intracellular cytokine staining of immune cells after antigenic stimulation, limiting dilution analysis, conventional cloning, and molecular definition of the T-cell response either in the peripheral circulation or in situ in patients with cancer The chapter presents the cellular immune response in patients with cancer. The chapter explores the recent studies that suggest humoral immunity and T-cell-mediated immunity are closely linked. In addition, most of the data concerning antitumor immune responses have been generated using MHC class I tetramer reagents. The ultimate go…
Interleukin-7
2003
This chapter discusses interleukin (IL)-7, which is an important lymphopoietin that plays a critical role in both B- and T-cell development. IL-7 promotes expansion of T lymphocytes exhibiting antigen-specific reactivity. IL-7 may be implemented to promote strong and effective immune responses against tumor cells, or directed against microbial or viral infections. It may also be useful in reconstituting an effective, and functional immune system after bone marrow transplantation, or helping to design novel strategies for immune reconstitution in patients with cancer or with HIV infection. IL-7 serves as the major growth and differentiation factor for both thymic and extrathymic development …
Humoral immune response in IL-12 and IFN-gamma deficient mice after infection with Cryptosporidium parvum.
2008
Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. causes diarrhoeal disease and has become an important medical and veterinary problem especially in the immunocompromised host. The importance of the adaptive immune response, with CD4+ T-lymphocytes being the major players, has been clearly demonstrated. The requirement of IL-12 and IFN-gamma identifies this response as a Th1-dominated reaction. IFN-gamma is also important in the early phase of the host-parasite interaction. We analysed the outcome of infection in IL-12p40 (IL-12KO) and IFN-gamma (GKO) deficient C57BL/6 mice after primary and secondary challenge with the parasite and, for the first time, we demonstrate the resulting Ig response in sera an…
Human conglutinin-like protein inhibits infection by the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro.
1992
In summary the lectin-like protein analogous to bovine conglutinin was purified from human serum. Using a lectin-based ELISA system, it was demonstrated that conglutinin-like protein binds to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV1) glycoprotein 120 (gp 120) via its carbohydrate binding site. In vitro experiments with T-lymphoblastoid CEM cells revealed that conglutinin-like protein abolishes infection by HIV1; a 50 % cytoprotective concentration of 23.9 μg/ml was measured.
Altered metabolism of gut microbiota contributes to chronic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals.
2015
Altered interplay between gut mucosa and microbiota during treated HIV infection may possibly contribute to increased bacterial translocation and chronic immune activation, both of which are predictors of morbidity and mortality. Although a dysbiotic gut microbiota has recently been reported in HIV + individuals, the metagenome gene pool associated with HIV infection remains unknown. The aim of this study is to characterize the functional gene content of gut microbiota in HIV + patients and to define the metabolic pathways of this bacterial community, which is potentially associated with immune dysfunction. We determined systemic markers of innate and adaptive immunity in a cohort of HIV-in…
Mast cells are crucial for early inflammation, migration of Langerhans cells, and CTL responses following topical application of TLR7 ligand in mice.
2007
Abstract Until recently, IgE-activated mast cells have been regarded merely as effector cells of adaptive immune responses, involved in allergic reactions and mucosal immunity to parasites. Herein, we report that murine dermal mast cells, activated by local administration of a cream containing the synthetic TLR7 ligand imiquimod, are essential to initiate an early inflammatory reaction. The mast-cell–derived cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β play an important role in this process. Furthermore, TLR7-activated mast cells are also able to promote the emigration of Langerhans cells, which partly depends on the expression of mast-cell–derived IL-1β. We have previously shown that TLR7 ligation enhances t…
Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of human γδ T cells.
2012
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity are the hallmarks of effector and memory T cells. Upon antigen stimulation, γδ T cells differentiate into two major types of memory T cells: central memory cells, which patrol the blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and effector memory cells, which migrate to peripheral tissues. γδ T cells display in vitro a certain degree of plasticity in their function that is reminiscent of that which is observed in conventional CD4 T cells. Similar to CD4 T cells, in which a plethora of specialized subsets affect the host response, γδ T cells may readily and rapidly assume distinct Th1-, Th2-, Th17-, T(FH) and T regulatory-like effector functions, suggesting that…
Immunosenescence, inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
2012
Abstract Ageing impacts negatively on the development of the immune system and its ability to fight pathogens. Progressive changes in the T-cell and B-cell systems over the lifespan of individuals have a major impact on the capacity to respond to immune challenges. The cumulative age-associated changes in immune competence are termed immunosenescence that is characterized by changes where adaptive immunity deteriorates, while innate immunity is largely conserved or even upregulated with age. On the other hand, ageing is also characterized by “inflamm-ageing”, a term coined to explain the inflammation commonly present in many age-associated diseases. It is believed that immune inflammatory p…
Inclusive Design for Alzheimer’s Disease: Low-cost Treatments, Design and ICT
2019
Inability to acquire new memories, difficulty to remember recent events and to recognize objects, places and people, visual-spatial disorientation, these are some of the disorders with which who is affected by neurological diseases must learn to live with. In a continuously evolving society, where the decreasing birth rate and the drops in mortality are consistent, the job of Architecture is precisely to interpret the requirements and needs of people who have lost the canonical relationship with the world and give them the possibility to recover it or maintain it through communication channels that use their remaining ability to understand. The indoors and outdoors acquire a “prosthesis fun…