Search results for "Mycotoxin"

Sequence of the M28 dsRNA: Preprotoxin Is Processed to an α/β Heterodimeric Protein Toxin

1995

The killer and immunity phenotypes of K28 killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are determined by the 1.75-kb M28 dsRNA virus. In the plus strand, M28p, the K28 preprotoxin gene, comprises bases 13-1047 and is followed, after an additional 85 bases, by a 63-bp poly(A) sequence and a 553-base 3'-sequence. This 3'-sequence contains two potential stem-loop structures predicted to bind the L-A encoded cap-pol protein, initiating encapsidation; high-level expression results in curing of M1 dsRNA. Expression of M28p confers the complete K28 killer and immunity phenotype on a cell lacking M28 dsRNA. K28 toxin is a disulfide-bonded heterodimer of alpha (10.5 kDa) and beta (11 kDa) components w…

Protective effect against mycotoxin occurrence of different additives in smoked fish

2015

Cytoprotection assessment against mycotoxins on HepG2 cells by extracts from Allium sativum L

2021

Abstract Cytoprotection effects of Allium sativum L garlic extract from a local garlic ecotype from Ferrara (Italy) on hepatocarcinoma cells, HepG2 cells, is presented in this study. This garlic type is known as Voghiera garlic and has been characterized as PDO (Protected designation of Origin) product. Voghiera garlic extract (VGE) was evaluated against beauvericin (BEA) and two zearalenone (ZEA) metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL))-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells by the MTT (3–4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, over 24 h and 48 h. Direct treatment, simultaneous treatment and pre-treatment strategies at the dilution 1:16–1:00 for VG…

Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon

2020

The present study aimed to identify mycotoxins in edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). After using a non-targeted screening approach and a home-made spectral library, 233 mycotoxins were analyzed. Moreover, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fish filets was evaluated, and their potential toxicity was predicted by in silico methods. According to the obtained results, forty mycotoxins were identified in analyzed salmon samples, the predominant mycotoxins being enniatins (also rugulosin and 17 ophiobolins), commonly found in cereals and their by-products. Thus, mycotoxin carry-over …

Antibacterial effect of the bioactive compound beauvericin produced by Fusarium proliferatum on solid medium of wheat.

2010

To obtain the bioactive compound beauvericin (BEA), Fusarium proliferatum CECT 20569 was grown on a solid medium of wheat, utilizing the technique of the solid state fermentation (SSF), being this mycotoxin purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reverse phase semi-preparative column using as the mobile phase acetonitrile/water in gradient condition. The purity of the BEA was verified by analytical HPLC and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The pure fractions of BEA were utilized to determinate the antibiotic effects on several bacterial strains that are considered normally pathogens of the intestinal tract as: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus…

Development and Validation of a LC-ESI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Alternaria Toxins Alternariol, Alternariol Methyl-Ether and Tentoxin in …

2016

Alternaria species are capable of producing several secondary toxic metabolites in infected plants and in agricultural commodities, which play important roles in food safety. Alternaria alternata turn out to be the most frequent fungal species invading tomatoes. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN) are some of the main Alternaria mycotoxins that can be found as contaminants in food. In this work, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection for the simultaneous quantification of AOH, AME, and TEN in tomato and tomato-based products was developed. Mycotoxin analysis was performed by dispersive liquid-…

Evaluation of enniatins A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin in Portuguese cereal-based foods.

2012

Sixty-one samples of Portuguese cereal-based foods were analysed for the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins called enniatins (A, A1, B and B1) and beauvericin. Samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v) using an Ultra-Turrax homogeniser, and mycotoxins were detected with liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. This method was validated and adequate values of recovery (70-103%) and relative standard deviation (15%) were obtained. Signal suppression/enhancement was studied and matrix-matched calibration used to minimise this effect, but no additional clean-up step was necessary. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM)…

Oxidative DNA damage and disturbance of antioxidant capacity by alternariol in Caco-2 cells

2015

Oxidative stress occurs as a consequence of an imbalance between the prooxidant/antioxidant systems, causing an increase of intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin produced by Alternaria sp. can alter the action of glutathione (GSH) and the enzymes involved in the redox system, causing damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA. The aims of this work were to determine the induction of oxidative stress by the antioxidant defenses imbalance in relation to glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels and DNA damage in Caco-2 cells derived from adenocarcinoma human colon. Oxidativ…

Interactive effects of zearalenone and its metabolites on cytotoxicity and metabolization in ovarian CHO-K1 cells.

2014

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin with high binding affinity to estrogen receptors. ZEA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in vivo to α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL). So, mixtures of them may be present in biological systems and suppose a hazard to animals and human health. The aims of this study were to determine the cytotoxic effects of ZEA and its metabolites, alone and in combination in ovarian (CHO-K1) cells during 24, 48 and 72h by the MTT assay; and to investigate the metabolism of the CHO-K1 cells on ZEA, and its conversion into α-ZOL and β-ZOL by CHO-K1 cell after 24 and 48h of exposure. The IC50 value obtained for individual mycotoxins range fr…

Does low concentration mycotoxin exposure induce toxicity in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress?

2020

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and patulin (PAT) in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) exerts toxic effects through mechanisms related to oxidative stress, and how cells deal with such exposure. Cell viability was determined by the MTT and protein content (PC) assays over 24, 48 and 72 h. The IC