Search results for "Polymerization"

showing 10 items of 1689 documents

1971

Solid-state polymerization of the bis-(p-toluene sulfonate) of 2.4-hexadiin-1.6-diol was achieved by UV-irradiation or by annealing the monomer crystals below their melting-point. Deep red polymer crystals having the original shape of the monomer crystals exhibiting strong dichroism are obtained. Polymerization proceeds by 1.4-addition to the conjugated triple-bonds to form a polymer with three cumulated double bonds per baseunit and a fully conjugated backbone. Photopolymerization is rather fast and does not show an induction period. The relationship between ηsp/c-values and conversion as well as X-ray work indicates that the formation of nuclei must be an important feature of the reaction…

chemistry.chemical_compoundSulfonateMonomerchemistryPolymerizationPolymer chemistryDiolConjugated systemTriple bondTolueneDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Transient Hydrogels Mediated by Redox-Switchable Supramolecular Polymerization

2017

Spatial and temporal control in multi-stimuli-responsive materials are critical properties to advance and optimize functional soft matter in order to mimic key features of living systems. In this contribution, I will discuss our methodology in developing non-equilibrium states in supramolecular materials. We have expanded our concept of charge regulated s–sheet self-assembly of alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids in order to introduce redox-switchable properties. An interplay of pH- and oxidation-stimuli, promoted by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) thus leads to transient supramolecular polymerizations of methionine containing amphiphiles, with tuneable lifet…

chemistry.chemical_compoundThioetherchemistryPolymerizationPhysiology (medical)Self-healing hydrogelsAmphiphileBiophysicsSupramolecular chemistrySide chainSoft matterBiochemistryRedoxFree Radical Biology and Medicine
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1968

chemistry.chemical_compoundTrioxaneChemistryHydridePolymer chemistryCationic polymerizationPhotochemistryIonic polymerizationMechanism (sociology)Die Makromolekulare Chemie
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Über die darstellung von polyoxymethylenen mit thermisch stabilen endgruppen durch übertragung der kationischen polymerisation des trioxans. 24. Mitt…

1965

Die kationische Polymerisation von Trioxan wird durch Acetale, leicht spaltbare Ather sowie durch Ester und Anhydride ubertragen. Die entstehenden Polyoxymethylene tragen Ather- bzw. Ester-Endgruppen und sind daher bis uber 200°C thermisch stabil. Um in guten Ausbeuten hochmolekulare thermisch stabile Polyoxymethylene zu erhalten, mus der Polymerisationsansatz schr weitgehend wasserfrei sein; dies kann durch Trocknung des Trioxans mit Isocyanaten in einer speziellen Apparatur erreicht werden. Die relative Ubertragungskonstante von Dimethylformal bei 25°C betragt 1,2, die von Methylformiat ca. 0,03. Esters, anhydrides, acetals, and easily cleavable ethers transfer the cationic polymerization…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTrioxanePolyoxymethylenePolymerizationChemistryMethyl formatePolymer chemistryCationic polymerizationEtherDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Anomalien bei der kationischen copolymerisation von trioxan. 32. Mitt. über polyoxymethylene

1967

Die kationische Copolymerisation von Trioxan mit Styrol, 1,3-Dioxolan und anderen Comonomeren last sich wegen folgender Nebenreaktionen nicht durch die ubliche MAYO-sche Copolymerisationskinetik erfassen: 1. Depolymerisation der Trioxymethylenbausteine zu Formaldehyd wahrend der Induktionszeit und daher Bildung sehr styrolreicher bzw. dioxolanreicher Prapolymerer. 2. Bildung und Polymerisation von Formaldehyd, welcher wahrend der gesamten Polymerisation in seiner ceiling-Gleichgewichtskonzentration zugegen ist. 3. Abspaltung oxacyclischer Verbindungen von den aktiven Kettenenden; Bildung von Tetroxan und 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan bei der Copolymerisation von Trioxan mit Styrol. 4. Ubertragung am …

chemistry.chemical_compoundTrioxanechemistryPolymerizationDepolymerizationInduction periodPolymer chemistryCationic polymerizationCopolymerPrepolymerStyreneDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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1968

In order to determine the concentration of active centers, polymerizations are terminated by addition of sodium alkoxide. This yields alkoxy endgroups which after acid hydrolysis of the isolated and purified polymers are determined by gaschromatography of the produced alcohol. In cationic polymerization of anhydrous formaldehyde at −78°C under certain reaction conditions a fast and quantitative initiation reaction and no kinetic chain termination have been observed. Presumably living polymers are obtained. The unexpected decrease in the rate of polymerization after a certain conversion is ascribed to hindrance of monomer diffusion in the crystalline polymer in which the active centers are i…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTrioxanechemistryPolymerizationDioxolanePolymer chemistryFormaldehydeCationic polymerizationDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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1974

An attempt is made to correlate crystallographic changes arising during the radiation induced polymerisation of trioxane with the morphological changes observed during this process. Particular emphasis is placed on the differences which are noted with changing polymerisation time and temperature, so that both nucleation and growth could be discussed. Die Anderung der Kristallstruktur des Trioxan, die bei der strahleninduzierten Polymerisation beobachtet wird, wurde im Zusammenhang mit den bei diesem Prozes auftretenden morphologischen Veranderungen untersucht. Die Unterschiede, die sich durch geeignete Wahl der Polymerisationszeit und der Temperatur ergeben, bieten die Moglichkeit, sowohl d…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTrioxanechemistryPolymerizationPolymer chemistrySolid-stateKinetic energyDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Über die wirksamkeit von lewis-basen als initiatoren der anionischen polymerisation von formaldehyd. 27. Mitt. über polyoxymethylene

1966

Die anionische Polymerisation des monomeren Formaldehydes mit LEWIS-Basen wurde bei −78°C in Ather, Aceton und Toluol untersucht. Die Basizitat der LEWIS-Basen ist ein wichtiger Faktor for ihre Initiatoraktivitat, ist jedoch nicht allein entscheidend; es spielen auch strukturelle und steren rische Faktoren eine Rolle. Primare Amine sind wahrscheinlich deshalb schlechte Initiatoren, weil sie mit Formaldehyd Methylol- und Dimethylolamine bilden. Verzweigungen aliphatischer Substituenten wirken sich um so starker retardierend aus, je naher sich die Verzweigungsstelle am Stickstoffatom befindet. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit steigt bei den meisten Aminen mit zunehmender Polaritat des Losun…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTriphenylarsineAnionic addition polymerizationchemistryPolymerizationPolymer chemistryAmine gas treatingTriphenylstibineEtherLewis acids and basesTriphenylphosphineDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Über die kinetik und den mechanismus der biosynthese der cellulose in den höheren pflanzen (nach versuchen an den samenhaaren der baumwolle)

1966

Abstract The quantity of cellulose synthesized on growing cotton bolls and the corresponding degree of polymerisation have been measured as a function of time. It was found that the biosynthesis proceeds in two distinct stages, beginning with a slow process yielding the “primary” cellulose with a non-uniform degree of polymerisation of about 2000–6000 followed by a more rapid process yielding a large amount of “secondary cellulose” with a high and uniform degree of polymerisation of about 14000 (mol. wt. 2.3·106). During the second stage the degree of polymerisation is independent of time. It is shown that the two kinds of cellulose correspond to the primary and secondary cell wall. In orde…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTubulechemistryPolymerizationPolymer chemistryKineticsMoleculeCelluloseFibrilBiochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)Secondary cell wallMacromoleculeBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biophysics including Photosynthesis
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Ionic Liquids in Biphasic Ethylene Polymerisation

2011

Over the past several years there has been a considerable increase in the interest of ionic liquids as versatile reaction media for a wide variety of synthetic processes. The popularity of ionic liquids has been related primarily to their unique physical and chemical properties, which can be tailored by the judicious selection of cations and anions. These properties make it possible to use ionic liquids as solvents for many organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds, including catalysts and co-catalysts, for various types of reactions. In particular, the polar but weakly coordinating character of ionic liquids enables them to be applied as mediums in catalysis, to immobilize various k…

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryChemical engineeringPolymerizationIonic liquidHomogeneous catalysisSolubilityMetalloceneMiscibilityCatalysisGroup 2 organometallic chemistry
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