Efficient Green Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Ionic Iridium Complexes with Sulfone-Containing Cyclometalating Ligands
A new approach to obtain green-emitting iridiumA complexes is described. The synthetic approach consists of introducing a methylsulfone electron-withdrawing substituent into a 4-phenylpyrazole cyclometalating ligand in order to stabilize the highest- occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Six new complexes have been synthe- sized incorporating the conjugate base of 1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1 H- pyrazole as the cyclometalating ligand. The complexes show green emission and very high photoluminescence quantum yields in both diluted and concentrated films. When used as the main active component in light-emit- ting electrochemical cells (LECs), green electroluminance is observed. High efficienci…
Host–guest blue light-emitting electrochemical cells
Carbazole, a commonly used hole-transporter for organic electronics, has been modified with an imidazolium cation and a hexafluorophosphate counter-anion to give an ionic hole-transporter. It has been applied as one of the hosts in a host–guest blue light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) with the neutral blue emitter FIrPic. We have obtained efficient and bright blue LECs with an electroluminescence maximum at 474 nm and efficacy of 5 cd A−1 at a luminance of 420 cd m−2, thereby demonstrating the potential of the ionic organic charge-transporters and of the host–guest architecture for LECs.
Stable Green Electroluminescence from an Iridium Tris-Heteroleptic Ionic Complex
An ionic tris-heteroleptic iridium complex gives green light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) with unprecedented performances for this part of the visible spectrum. The devices are very bright (>1000 cd m–2), efficient (∼3%), and stable (>55 h). The novel complex is prepared using a new and efficient synthetic procedure. We show that there is a mixed orbital formation originating from the two different orthometalating ligands resulting in photophysical properties that lie between those of its two bis-heteroleptic analogs. Therefore, tris-heteroleptic complexes provide new avenues for fine-tunning the emission properties and to bridge gaps between a series of bis-heteroleptic complexes.
Green light-emitting electrochemical cells based on platinum(ii) complexes with a carbazole-appended carbene ligand
This article is part of the themed collections: Paul R. Raithby at 70: in celebration of a life in chemistry, Recent Open Access Articles and 2022 Journal of Materials Chemistry C Most Popular Articles.
Thienylpyridine-based cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes and their use in solid state light-emitting electrochemical cells
The synthesis and characterization of four iridium(iii) complexes [Ir(thpy)2(N^N)][PF6] where Hthpy = 2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine and N^N are 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 4,4'-di-(t)butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2), 4,4'-di-(t)butyl-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (3) or 4,4'-dimethylthio-2,2'-bipyridine (4) are described. The single crystal structures of ligand 4 and the complexes containing the [Ir(thpy)2(1)](+) and [Ir(thpy)2(4)](+) cations have been determined. In [Ir(thpy)2(1)](+), the pendant phenyl ring engages in an intra-cation π-stacking interaction with one of the thienyl rings in the solid state, and undergoes hindered rotation on the NMR timescale in [Ir(thpy)2(1)](+) and [Ir(thpy)2(3)](+). The …
Controlling the dynamic behavior of light emitting electrochemical cells
Abstract Light emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) present an attractive route towards cost efficient lighting applications. By utilizing ionic phosphorescent transition metal complexes, efficient electroluminescence can be realized from a single layer device using air stable electrodes. These devices achieve efficient charge carrier injection due to ion accumulation at the interface upon driving, resulting in a dynamic response upon device operation. Here we investigate the device operation by using fast current and luminance versus voltage sweeps during normal fixed bias operating. A universal set of JL–V curves can be identified in which different regimes are observable. The speed and …
Large area perovskite light-emitting diodes by gas-assisted crystallization:
Halide perovskites have been gaining considerable attention recently for use in light-emitting applications, due to their bandgap tunability, color purity and low cost fabrication methods. However, current fabrication techniques limit the processing to small-area devices. Here, we show that a facile N 2 gas-quenching technique can be used to make methylammonium lead bromide-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with a peak luminance of 6600 cd m −2 and a current efficiency of 7.0 cd A −1 . We use this strategy to upscale PeLEDs to large-area substrates (230 cm 2 ) by developing a protocol for slot-die coating combined with gas-quenching. The resulting large area devices (9 device…
Operational Mechanism of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are versatile materials used in a range of organic optoelectronic applications. Because of their ionic/electronic nature, characterizing these materials is nontrivial, and their operational mechanism is not fully understood. In this work we use a methodology that combines constant-voltage-driven current-density transient measurements with fast current vs voltage scans to allow decoupling of ionic and electronic phenomena. This technique is applied to diodes prepared with cationic CPEs having different charge-compensating anions. Our results indicate that the operational mechanism of these devices is governed by electrochemical doping of the CPE. On the bas…
Operating Modes of Sandwiched Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are promising lighting devices in which the redistribution of ionic charges allows for double electronic carrier injection from air-stable electrodes. Uncertainties about the mode of operation are limiting the progress of these devices. Using fast (with respect to the current growth time) but resolutive electrical measurement techniques, the electronic transport mechanism in state-of-the-art sandwiched devices can be monitored as a function of the operation time. The results indicate the formation of doped transport layers adjacent to the electrodes that reduces the extent of the central neutral light-emitting layer where electronic transport is l…
Stable Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Using Hyperbranched Polymer Electrolyte
The choice of an adequate electrolyte is a fundamental aspect in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) as it provides the in situ electrochemical doping and influences the performance of these devices. In this study, a hyperbranched polymer (Hybrane DEO750 8500) blended with a Li salt is used as a novel electrolyte in state-of-the-art Super Yellow (a polyphenylenevinylene) based LECs. Due to the desirable properties of the hyperbranched polymer and the homogeneous and smooth films that it forms with the emitting polymer, PLEC with excellent electroluminescent properties are obtained using a pulsed current bias scheme. The devices are very stable, with lifetimes in excess of 2…
Efficient orange light-emitting electrochemical cells
We report the first bis-cyclometalated cationic iridium(III) complex with N-aryl-substituted 1H-imidazo [4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline. The complex emits yellow-orange phosphorescence with a maximum at 583 nm, a quantum yield of 43%, and an excited-state lifetime of 910 ns in argon-saturated dichloromethane. Optimized orange light-emitting electrochemical cells with the new Ir(III) complex exhibit fast turn-on, a peak luminance of 684 cd m(-2) and a peak efficacy of 6.5 cd A(-1); in 850 h of continuous operation their luminance and efficacy decrease only by 20%.
Transparent Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Single layer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are amongst the simplest electroluminescent devices and operate with air-stable electrodes. Transparent light-emitting devices are of great interest as they can enable new applications in consumer electronics. In this work, a transparent ionic transition metal complex based LEC is fabricated by developing a transparent top contact based on tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) and indium-tin oxide, processed by low-temperature atomic layer deposition and pulsed laser deposition, respectively. The resulting devices present transparency in excess of 75% over the full visible spectrum (380-750 nm), with 82% transmission at the emission peak (563 nm). Th…
Effect of free rotation in polypyridinic ligands of Ru(ii) complexes applied in light-emitting electrochemical cells
In the present work we report the synthesis and the electrochemical, photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties of two new Ru(II) complexes described by the general formula [Ru(phen)2X](2+), where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline. The X ligand consists of a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) unit substituted with two phenyl rings connected to the bpy core through a saturated (Lhydro = 4,4'-diphenylethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) or a conjugated (LH = 4,4'-bis(α-styrene)-2,2'-bipyridine) carbon-carbon bridge. The photoluminescent spectra indicate that, both in solution and solid state, the complex bearing the aliphatic substitution bridges exhibits a higher quantum yield and a longer excited state lifetime tha…
p–n Metallophosphor based on cationic iridium(iii) complex for solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cells
An ionic transition-metal complex for improved charge transporting properties was designed, containing both n-type dimesitylboryl (BMes2) and p-type carbazole groups. The complex, [Ir(Bpq)2(CzbpyCz)]PF6 (1) (Bpq = 2-[4-(dimesitylboryl)phenyl] quinoline, CzbpyCz = 5,5′-bis(9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine) and its equivalent in which the BMes2 groups were substituted with carbazole moieties were evaluated on the photoluminescence and excited state properties in detail. According to the photophysical and electrochemical properties, we concluded that the BMes2 groups can increase the conjugation length of the cyclometalated C^N ligands and greatly enhance the phosphorescence efficienc…
A deep-blue emitting charged bis-cyclometallated iridium(iii) complex for light-emitting electrochemical cells
We report here a new cationic bis-cyclometallated iridium(III) complex, 1, with deep-blue emission at 440 nm and its use in Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs). The design is based on the 2′,6′-difluoro-2,3′-bipyridine skeleton as the cyclometallating ligand and a bis-imidazolium carbene-type ancillary ligand. Furthermore, bulky tert-butyl substituents are used to limit the intermolecular interactions. LECs have been driven both at constant voltage (6 V) and constant current (2.5 mA cm−2). The performances are significantly improved with the latter method, resulting overall in one of the best reported greenish-blue LECs having fast response (17 s), light intensity over 100 cd m−2 an…
Copper(i) complexes for sustainable light-emitting electrochemical cells
Four prototype heteroleptic copper(I) complexes [Cu(bpy)(pop)][PF6] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, pop = bis(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)ether), [Cu(phen)(pop)][PF6] (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Cu(bpy)(pdpb)][PF6] (pdpb = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) and [Cu(phen)(pdpb)][PF6] are presented. The synthesis, X-ray structures, solution and solid-state photophysical studies, and the performance in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) of these complexes are described. Their photophysical properties are interpreted with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The photophysical studies in solution and in the solid-state indicate that these copper(I) complexes show good lu…
Spontaneous Self-Assembly of a 1,8-Naphthyridine into Diverse Crystalline 1D Nanostructures: Implications on the Stimuli-Responsive Luminescent Behaviour
The previously reported organic solid-state fluorophore 7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-ethoxy-4-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile 1 was found to spontaneously self-organize into diverse 1D crystalline nanostructures by choosing appropriate liquid phase self-assembly conditions. Experimental results, as well as DFT quantum calculations (at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d) level), shed light on the aggregation mechanism. This was found in good agreement with molecules being primarily joined together through intermolecular alignment caused by electrostatic interactions, as well as minimization of the steric repulsions. This alignment provokes the preferential growth of the crystalline materials into 1D a…
Dynamic doping in bright and stable light emitting electrochemical cells.
By using fast current density and luminance versus voltage (JL-V) analysis the device operation of sandwiched light emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) during their normal voltage driving operation mode is studied. In LECs the application of a voltage results in the movement of ions changing the state of the device, as a result the JL-V scans need to be performed fast and meet certain conditions to be meaningful. Space-charge limited current behavior is observed once the injection barriers are overcome. The increase of the current density after this point imply that the effective thickness of the devices is reduced which indicates the formation of more conductive regions adjacent to the e…
Light-emitting electrochemical cells: recent progress and future prospects
We provide a short review on light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), one of the simplest kinds of electroluminescent devices. In their simplest form, they consist of just one active layer containing an emitter and a salt. They operate with low voltages, which allows for high power efficiencies, and air-stable electrodes, which simplifies the encapsulation requirements. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances and the main remaining challenges. We describe the current understanding of their peculiar operation mechanism and focus on the major concepts used to improve their performance.
Low Current Density Driving Leads to Efficient, Bright and Stable Green Electroluminescence
Electroluminescent devices have the potential to reshape lighting and display technologies by providing low-energy consuming solutions with great aesthetic features, such as flexibility and transparency. In particular, light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are among the simplest electro-luminescent devices. The device operates with air-stable materials and the active layer can be resumed to an ionic phosphorescent emitter. As a consequence, LECs can be assembled using solution-process technologies, which could allow for low-cost and large-area lighting applications in the future. High efficiencies have been reported at rather low luminances (<50 cd m(-2)) and at very low current densi…
Narrowband Monolithic Perovskite-Perovskite Tandem Photodetectors
Narrowband photodetectors (PDs) are sought after for many applications requiring selective spectral response. The most common systems combine optical bandpass filters with broadband photodiodes. This work reports a method to obtain a narrowband response in a perovskite PD by the monolithic integration of a perovskite photoconductor and a perovskite photodiode. The spectral response of the tandem PD is determined by the bandgap energy difference of the two perovskites, and exhibits a full width at half maximum below 85 nm, an external quantum efficiency up to 68% and a high specific detectivity of ≈1012 Jones in reverse bias, enabling the device to detect weak light signals. The absorption p…
Increasing the efficiency of light-emitting electrochemical cells by limiting the exciton quenching
ABSTRACTLight-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are one of the simplest electroluminescent devices. The possibility to be processed from solution and to operate with air-stable materials makes them an attractive alternative to organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Still their efficiencies are below those obtained in OLEDs. Additionally the best efficiencies were reported at low luminances and sustained for a short period of time. Here we show that for a LEC employing an orange-emitting charged iridium complex that is driven using a pulsed driving scheme high efficiencies of up to 20.5 cd A-1 can be obtained at high luminance and sustained over the device lifetime. It is also shown that…
Polymorphism-Triggered Reversible Thermochromic Fluorescence of a simple 1,8-Naphthyridine
The fluorescent behavior in the solid state of a naphthyridine-based donor–acceptor heterocycle is presented. Synthesized as a crystalline blue-emissive solid (Pbca), the compound can easily be transformed in its P21/c polymorphic form by heating. The latter material shows blue to cyan emission switching triggered by a reversible thermally induced phase transformation. This fact, the reversible acidochromism, and the strong anisotropic fluorescence of the compound in the solid state, account for the potential of 1,8-naphthyridines as simple and highly tunable organic compounds in materials science.
A counterion study of a series of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][A] compounds with bis(phosphane) and 6-methyl and 6,6′-dimethyl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands for light-emitting electrochemical cells†
The syntheses and characterisations of a series of heteroleptic copper(i) compounds [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][A], [Cu(POP)(Me2bpy)][A], [Cu(xantphos)(Mebpy)][A] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][A] in which [A]− is [BF4]−, [PF6]−, [BPh4]− and [BArF4]− (Mebpy = 6-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine, Me2bpy = 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, POP = oxydi(2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphane), xantphos = (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane), [BArF4]− = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) are reported. Nine of the compounds have been characterised by single crystal X-ray crystallography, and the consequences of the different anions on the packing interactions in the solid state are discussed. T…
Dynamic doping and degradation in sandwich-type light-emitting electrochemical cells
Photoluminescence spectroscopy has been performed in situ during device operation and after switch-off on ionic transition metal complex (iTMC)-based sandwich-type light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). It is demonstrated that the photoluminescence of the LECs decreases with increasing operating time. For operating times up to three hours the decline in photoluminescence is fully recoverable after switching off the bias. These results imply that doping of the iTMC layer is responsible, not only, for the turn-on of LECs but also for their lifetimes.
Tuning the photophysical properties of cationic iridium(iii) complexes containing cyclometallated 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole through functionalized 2,2′-bipyridineligands: blue but not blue enough
Four new heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes in the family [Ir(dfppz)(2)((NN)-N-boolean AND)](+), where Hdfppz = 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole and (NN)-N-boolean AND = 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 4,4'-(di-tert-butyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2), 4,4'-(di-tert-butyl)-6,6'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (3) and 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)-2,2'-bipyridine (4), have been synthesized as the hexafluoridophosphate salts and fully characterized. Single crystal structures of ligand 3 and the precursor [Ir-2(dfppz)(4)(mu-Cl)(2)] have been determined, along with the structures of the complexes 4{[Ir(dfppz)(2)(1)][PF6]}center dot 3CH(2)Cl(2), [Ir(dfppz)(2)(3)][PF6]center dot CH2Cl2 and [Ir(dfppz)(2)(4)][…
Highly Luminescent Half-Lantern Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence Studies, and Reactivity.
The half-lantern compound [{Pt(bzq)(μ-C 7H 4NS 2-κN,S)} 2]•Me 2CO (1) was obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of potassium 2-mercaptobenzothiazolate (KC 7H 4NS 2) and [Pt(bzq)(NCMe) 2]ClO 4. The Pt(II)•••Pt(II) separation in the neutral complex [{Pt(bzq)(μ-C 7H 4NS 2-κN,S)} 2] is 2.910 (2) Å, this being among the shortest observed in half-lantern divalent platinum complexes. Within the complex, the benzo[h]quinoline (bzq) groups lie in close proximity with most C•••C distances being between 3.3 and 3.7 Å, which is indicative of significant π-π interactions. The reaction of 1 with halogens X 2 (X 2 = Cl 2, Br 2, or I 2) proceeds with a two-electron oxidation to give the corresponding d…
Stable and Efficient Solid-State Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on a Series of Hydrophobic Iridium Complexes
Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on ionic transition-metal complexes (iTMCs) exhibiting high efficiency, short turn-on time, and long stability have recently been presented. Furthermore, LECs emitting in the full range of the visible spectrum including white light have been reported. However, all these achievements were obtained individually, not simultaneously, using in each case a different iTMC. In this work, device stability is maintained by employing intrinsically stable ionic iridium complexes, while increasing the complex and the device quantum yields for exciton-to-photon conversion. This is done by sequentially modifying the archetype ionic iridium complex [Ir(ppy)…
Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Using Cyanine Dyes as the Active Components
Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on cyanine molecules were prepared. High photoluminescence quantum yields were obtained for host-guest films using two cyanine dyes, reaching 27%. Sandwiching these films in between two electrodes allows for very stable near-infrared emission with a maximum radiant flux of 1.7 W m(-2) at an external quantum efficiency of 0.44%.
Correlating the Lifetime and Fluorine Content of Iridium(III) Emitters in Green Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
In light-emitting electrochemical cells, the lifetime of the device is intrinsically linked to the stability of the phosphorescent emitter. In this study, we present a series of ionic iridium(III) emitters based on cyclometalating phenylpyridine ligands whose fluorine substituents are varied in terms of position and number. Importantly, despite these structural modifications, the emitters exhibit virtually identical electrochemical and spectroscopic properties, which allows for proper comparison in functional devices. Quantum chemical calculations support the properties measured in solution and suggest great similarities regarding the electronic structures of the emitters. In electrolumines…
Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes: Effect of Composition, Morphology, and Transport Layers
Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites are emerging as novel materials for light-emitting applications due to their high color purity, band gap tunability, straightforward synthesis, and inexpensive precursors. In this work, we improve the performance of three-dimensional perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) by tuning the emissive layer composition and thickness and by using small-molecule transport layers. Additionally, we correlate PeLED efficiencies to the perovskite structure and morphology. The results show that the PeLEDs containing perovskites with an excess of methylammonium bromide (MABr) to lead bromide (PbBr2) in a 2:1 ratio and a layer thickness of 80 nm have the highes…
Semitransparent near-infrared Sn–Pb hybrid perovskite photodetectors
We report semitransparent NIR perovskite photodetectors based on tin–lead hybrid perovskites, by using very thin film perovskite layers and transparent indium tin oxide electrodes.
Ionic iridium complex and conjugated polymer used to solution-process a bilayer white light-emitting diode.
Bilayer white light-emitting devices are prepared from solution, using an ionic orange phosphorescent organometallic complex and a neutral fluorescent conjugated polymer. Because of the very different polarity of the two components, they dissolve in orthogonal solvents, allowing for the direct deposition of the blue emitter on top of the orange emitter without the need of cross-linking or special coating methodology. Fine tuning of the layer thickness of both light-emitting layers allows for the color tuning of different types of white light.
6‐1: Invited Paper: Measuring Health Parameters with Large‐Area Organic Photodetector Arrays
Solution-processed organic photodetectors (OPDs) have witnessed great progress in the past few years. With silicon-like performance achieved, OPDs enable new medical imaging applications by offering cost-effective light detection over large area. Herein, we illustrate the compelling advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution OPD arrays for medical X-ray detectors and wearable pulse oximeters.
Pulsed-current versus constant-voltage light-emitting electrochemical cells with trifluoromethyl-substituted cationic iridium(iii) complexes
We report on five cationic iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalating 2-(3′-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridine and a diimine, [(C⁁N)2Ir(N⁁N)](PF6), N⁁N = 4,4′-R2-2,2′-dipyridyl or 4,7-R2-1,10-phenanthroline (R = H, Me, tert-Bu, Ph), and characterize three of them by crystal structure analysis. The complexes undergo oxidation of the Ir–aryl fragment at 1.13–1.16 V (against ferrocene couple) and reduction of the N⁁N ligand at −1.66 V to −1.86 V, and have a redox gap of 2.84–2.99 V. The complexes exhibit bluish-green to green-yellow phosphorescence in an argon-saturated dichloromethane solution at room temperature with a maximum at 486–520 nm, quantum yield of 61–67%, and an excited-state lifetim…
Simple, Fast, Bright, and Stable Light Sources
In this work we show that solution-processed light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on only an ionic iridium complex and a small amount of ionic liquid exhibit exceptionally good performances when applying a pulsed current: sub-second turn-on times and almost constant high luminances (>600 cd m(-2) ) and power efficiencies over the first 600 h. This demonstrates the potential of LECs for applications in solid-state signage and lighting.
Solid-State Lighting: Simple, Fast, Bright, and Stable Light Sources (Adv. Mater. 7/2012)
Ionic multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for light emitting electrochemical cells
Funding: M. K. would like to thank 2214-A International Research Fellowship Programme for Ph.D. students (1059B141900585). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No 838885 (NarrowbandSSL). S.M.S. acknowledges support from the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (grant agreement No 838885 NarrowbandSSL). A. K. G. is grateful to the Royal Society for Newton International Fellowship NF171163. L.M acknowledges that the project who gave rise to these results received support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and inno…
Degradation mechanisms in organic lead halide perovskite light-emitting diodes
Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have attracted significant attention for low-cost, high-efficiency, color-pure light-emitting applications. However, as seen in many reports so-far, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLED) suffer from poor operational lifetime, limiting their practical use. The underlying degradation mechanism is a topic of crucial importance. Here, the degradation mechanisms of methylammonium lead bromide based PeLED are investigated. When the PeLED is electrically biased, there is an initial raise in the luminance followed by a rapid reduction in luminance and current density. Microscopic studies reveal the formation of micrometer-sized spots that are photolumin…
Integration of large-area optical imagers for biometric recognition and touch in displays
In recent years there has been an increasing interest to integrate optical sensing in mobile displays, for instance, for biometric fingerprint scanning functionality. There are several routes to incorporate optical fingerprint functionality within the full display area, each with their own benefits and challenges. Here we investigate the different integration routes using large-area, ultra-thin imagers based on organic photodiodes.
CCDC 2081388: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 2081386: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
Ionic Multi-Resonant Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells (dataset)
CCDC 2081394: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 2081387: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 2151291: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Sara Fuertes, Lorenzo Mardegan, Ignacio Martínez, Silvia Ventura, Irene Ara, Daniel Tordera, Henk J. Bolink, Violeta Sicilia|2022|J.Mater.Chem.C|10|15491|doi:10.1039/D2TC02539F
CCDC 949190: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Andreas M. Bünzli, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft, José M. Junquera-Hernández, Markus Neuburger, Enrique Ortí, Antonio Pertegás, Juan J. Serrano-Pérez, Daniel Tordera, Jennifer A. Zampese|2014|Dalton Trans.|43|738|doi:10.1039/C3DT52622D
CCDC 910854: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Daniel Tordera, Andreas M. Bünzli, Antonio Pertegás, José M. Junquera-Hernández, Edwin C. Constable, Jennifer A. Zampese, Catherine E. Housecroft, Enrique Ortí, Henk J. Bolink|2013|Chem.-Eur.J.|19|8597|doi:10.1002/chem.201300457
CCDC 2151293: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Sara Fuertes, Lorenzo Mardegan, Ignacio Martínez, Silvia Ventura, Irene Ara, Daniel Tordera, Henk J. Bolink, Violeta Sicilia|2022|J.Mater.Chem.C|10|15491|doi:10.1039/D2TC02539F
CCDC 2151294: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Sara Fuertes, Lorenzo Mardegan, Ignacio Martínez, Silvia Ventura, Irene Ara, Daniel Tordera, Henk J. Bolink, Violeta Sicilia|2022|J.Mater.Chem.C|10|15491|doi:10.1039/D2TC02539F
CCDC 2081391: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 2081389: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 949192: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Andreas M. Bünzli, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft, José M. Junquera-Hernández, Markus Neuburger, Enrique Ortí, Antonio Pertegás, Juan J. Serrano-Pérez, Daniel Tordera, Jennifer A. Zampese|2014|Dalton Trans.|43|738|doi:10.1039/C3DT52622D
CCDC 2081393: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 2081390: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
Related Article: Marco Meyer, Lorenzo Mardegan, Daniel Tordera, Alessandro Prescimone, Michele Sessolo, Henk J. Bolink, Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft|2021|Dalton Trans.|50|17920|doi:10.1039/D1DT03239A
CCDC 949191: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
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