Mechanical properties and XRD of Nafion modified by 2-hydroxyethylammonium ionic liquids

In this work, the Nafion 112 membrane impregnated with 2-hydroxyethylammonium carboxylate ionic liquids have been investigated. The used ionic liquids were 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate [HEA]F, acetate [HEA]A and lactate [HEA]L. Prepared composite membranes Nafion/ionic liquid are characterized by mechanical testing, such as tensile test and creep test. It is found that ionic liquids decrease elastic modulus and creep compliance, but do not have significant effect on the tensile strength. Also, composite membranes were studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction. All ionic liquids shift the peak maximum to the lower angle. In this work, only biodegradable ionic liquids were used for composite …

Double cross-linked polyetheretherketone proton exchange membrane for fuel cell

Abstract The proton exchange membrane based on polyetheretherketone was prepared via two steps of cross-linking. The properties of the double cross-linked membrane (water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability and thermal stability) have been investigated for fuel cell applications. The prepared membrane exhibited relatively high proton conductivity, 3.2 × 10 −2  S cm −1 at room temperature and 5.8 × 10 −2  S cm −1 at 80 °C. The second cross-linking significantly decreased the water uptake of the membrane. The performance of direct methanol fuel cell was slightly improved as compared to Nafion ® 117 due to its low methanol permeability. The results indicated that the double cros…

Solid proton conductors as room-temperature gas sensors

Ammonia-exchanged ceramic samples of beta alumina have been obtained from plasma-dispersed powders. The ionic conductivity is slightly affected by ion exchange, but the surface conductivity for the amonia-exchanged sample drastically changes in the presence of the water and ammonia vapours. The ammonia-doped xerogel of antimonic acid hydrate in the form of a thick film has been tested as a potentiometric ammonia sensor.

Investigation of Activities for Pt-M Bimetallic Nanoparticles Catalysts on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Bi-metallic Pt3Ni/C and Pt3Co/C electrocatalysts were successfully synthesized by a solvent free chemical vapour deposition method with a narrow particle size distribution. The results showed that the electrochemical surface area was increased by adding the additional Ni or Co to a pure Pt catalyst. Pt3Ni/C catalyst exhibited a significant enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction activity. The catalysts were characterized by EDS, XRD, HRTEM and electrochemical activity was determined using cyclic voltammetry.

A Study of Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composite Membranes with Various Ionic Liquids at Elevated Temperatures

This work was supported by Latvian Council of Science (Cooperation project No.666/2014.4).

Electrochromic Devices Incorporating Cr Oxide And Ni Oxide Films:

Abstract Transparent films of Cr oxide and Ni oxide were made by reactive DC magnetron sputtering in Ar+O2+H2. They displayed anodic electrochromism with charge capacities similar to that of W oxide. Cr oxide was stable in acidic environments, while Ni oxide was stable in basic environments. Electrochromic devices were made with pristine Cr oxide or Ni oxide films operating in conjunction with W oxide and a proton conducting electrolyte. Of the two oxides, Cr oxide film allowed device operation at a lower voltage span, while the device with Ni oxide film yielded a higher transmittance in the bleached state, a larger absorptance modulation, and a more neutral color.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ADDITIVES TO THE LANTHANUM RICH MISCHMETAL

Antimonic acid hydrate xerogels as proton electrolytes

Abstract Two high stability types of protonic solid electrolytes based on antimonic acid hydrate xerogels have been obtained by the sol-gel technique: Sb 2 O 5 ·(3–4)H 2 O (colloidal) and Sb 2 O 5 ·5H 2 O (polymeric). The first one is a white compact material with conductivity 0.40 mS/cm (298 K) for n =3.7. The last one is transparent for visible light with a conductivity of 0.80 mS/cm. An electrochromic system based on the colloidal gel electrolyte in the form of paste has good performance-more than 10 7 cycles and a lifetime of more than five years.

<title>Proton conducting polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices</title>

This report concerns a composite proton electrolyte suitable for use in electrochromic devices. The electrolyte consists of nanosize hydrated oxide (aluminum, silicon or antimonic) particles suspended in a poly(vinyl acetate) matrix. All of the water was strongly bonded, thus making the electrolytes less harmful without considerably decreasing the conductivity. The proton conductivity of the electrolyte was approximately 10-4 S/cm at room temperature, practically independent of its amount of absorbed water.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

AC impedance behavior of the Ti4Ni2Oy and Ti3.5Zr0.5Ni2Oy type metal hydride electrodes

The hydrogen storage alloy electrodes of the type Ti4Ni2Oy (y=0, 0.3 and 0.6) and Ti3.5Zr0.5Ni2Oy (y=0.15 and 0.3) were investigated by impedance spectroscopy for potential application as negative electrode in alkaline secondary nickel-metal hydride (MH) batteries. The phase Ti4Ni2O0.30 was found to be electrochemically more stable during the cycling. The addition of copper or nickel powder as current collector improved the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes. It was possible in this way to decrease the charge transfer resistance. These additions have a negligible influence on the stability of electrode material during cycling.

Optimization of the enzyme power source for a nano drug delivery system fuelled by glucose in blood plasma

A unique in vivo electrical pulse generator to improve membrane permeability for drugs and simultaneously facilitate self-powered nano devices for nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) was identified. The use of an unsupported biological catalyst component of the power supply was aimed at the NDDS instead of a conventional membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Self-powered carriers of drugs and prodrugs with improved controlled release capability to target areas using substrate available in biological matrices such as glucose in blood is envisaged. The experimental application implemented prototype designed chambers allowing the entry of premixed precursors and low ohm resistance due the absence o…

Nano composite membrane-electrode assembly formation for fuel cell-modeling aspects

Long term stability is an essential requirement for fuel cell applications in automobile and stationary energy systems. In these systems the agglomeration of the catalyst nanoparticles is a well-known phenomenon which cannot be easily overcome or compensated for by re-designing the system. A direct result of this occurrence is the irreversible decrease of the electrochemical performance. Irregularities in electric field distribution are one root cause for migration and subsequent agglomeration of the catalyst nanoparticle. In this work, the impact of the electrode mechanical deformation on electric field distribution was studied using a computer modeling approach. Model of a Proton Exchange…

Anion exchange membrane based on alkali doped poly(2,5-benzimidazole) for fuel cell

Abstract The properties of alkali doped poly(2,5-benzimidazole) membrane with different alkali doping levels for fuel cell application are reported in this work. The alkali doping level played an important role for the ion conductivity of the membrane. The ion conductivity significantly increased with alkali doping level. The ion conductivity also increased with the temperature. The ion conductivity of the alkali doped ABPBI membrane (alkali doping level = 0.37), reached to 2.3 × 10 − 2  S cm − 1 at room temperature and 7.3 × 10 − 2  S cm − 1 at 100 °C. The water uptake of the alkali doped ABPBI membrane was increased from 9.1% to 19.2% with increasing alkali doping level at room temperatur…

Impact of Helium Ion Implantation Dose and Annealing on Dense Near-Surface Layers of NV Centers

A. Berzins acknowledges support from Latvian Council of Science project lzp-2021/1-0379, “A novel solution for high magnetic field and high electric current stabilization using color centers in diamond,” and LLC “MikroTik” donation project, administered by the UoL foundation, “Improvement of Magnetic field imaging system” for the opportunity to significantly improve experimental setup as well as “Simulations for stimulation of science” for the opportunity to acquire COMSOL license. I. Fescenko acknowledges support from ERAF project 1.1.1.5/20/A/001, and I.F. and A.B. acknowledge support from LLC “MikroTik” donation project “Annealing furnace for the development of new nanometer-sized sensor…

Electrical impedance spectroscopy of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (ECOENG™ 110)

Abstract Ionic liquid “ECOENG™ 110”, a promising electrolyte for electrochemical devices, was investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Metallic electrodes (Pt, Cu, Ag, and Mo) as well as carbon were used for the electrochemical characterization. The dependences of the real and imaginary impedance, polarization resistance and electrochemical capacity of the double layer on the electrode potential were investigated using electrical equivalent circuits of R1(QR2) and R1[Q(R2W)] types.

Covalent-ionically cross-linked polyetheretherketone proton exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cell

Abstract In this paper, the proton exchange membrane prepared by covalent-ionically cross-linking water soluble sulfonated–sulfinated poly(oxa- p -phenylene-3,3-phthalido- p -phenylene-oxa- p -phenylene-oxy-phenylene) (SsPEEK-WC) is reported. Compared with covalent cross-linked PEEK-WC membrane, this covalent-ionically cross-linked PEEK-WC membrane exhibits extremely reduced water uptake and methanol permeability, but just slightly sacrificed proton conductivity. The proton conductivity of the covalent-ionically cross-linked PEEK-WC membrane reaches to 2.1 × 10 −2  S cm −1 at room temperature and 4.1 × 10 −2  S cm −1 at 80 °C. The methanol permeability is 1.3 × 10 −7  cm 2  s −1 , 10 times …

Synthesis, structure and conductivity of Ag2ZnSiO4, Ag2ZnGeO4 and Ag2BeSiO4

Abstract The compounds Ag2MM′O4 with MM′ = ZnSi, ZnGe and BeSi have been synthesised by reacting the corresponding Na compounds with molten AgNO3. The crystal structures of Ag2ZnSiO4 and Ag2ZnGeO4 have been refined from Cu K α1 powder diffractometer data by the Rietveld technique to RF = 3.3 and 7.1%, respectively. They are isostructural with monoclinic Na2ZnSiO4. The powder pattern of Ag2BeSiO4 indicates that it is isostructural with orthorhombic Na2BeSiO4. The conductivity of the compounds has been determined using ac impedance measurements. Ag2ZnSiO4 and Ag2BeSiO4 are ionic conductors, with conductivities that are very similar to those of their corresponding isostructural Na compounds. A…

Properties of the Nafion membrane impregnated with hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids

In this work, the Nafion 112 membrane impregnated with nine various hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids have been investigated. The used ionic liquids were combined from hydroxyl ammonium cations (2-hydroxyethylammonium/HEA, bis(2- hydroxyethyl)ammonium/BHEA, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium/THEA) and carboxylate anions (formate, acetate, lactate). The membranes are characterized by conductivity and thermal stability measurements. It was found, that almost all composites have 10 times higher ion conductivity than a pure Nafion 112 at 90 ?C in ambient environment due to the higher thermal stability. The thermal stability of Nafion membrane was increased by all studied nine ionic liquids. In th…

Ionic conductivity in monophasic Ag2xNa2(1 − x)ZnSiO4 materials with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

Abstract Solid solution samples Ag 2 x Na 2(1 − x ) ZnSiO 4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 have been prepared by heat treating powder mixtures of Na 2 ZnSiO 4 and Ag 2 ZnSiO 4 at 300 °C and characterised by X-ray powder diffraction. The ionic conductivity of the solid solution has been determined as a function of composition and temperature by means of impedance measurements. The ionic conductivity of the mixed-mobile ion compositions (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) shows no substantial deviation from the mutually similar conductivities of the end compositions Na 2 ZnSiO 4 and Ag 2 ZnSiO 4 , and neither activation energy nor conductivity pre-factor varies significantly with composition. The results indicate that the mixed-alk…

Proton Conducting Membrane Prepared by Cross-Linking Highly Sulfonated Peek for PEMFC Application

The proton conducting membrane was prepared by cross-linking highly sulfonated and sulfinated poly(etheretherketone) (SsPEEK). The cross-linked membrane is low cost due to its use of non-expensive chemical and simple production procedure. The membrane exhibited high proton conductivity (0.04 S/cm at 60 °C), extremely reduced water uptake, enhanced strength and stability compared with that of non-cross-linked membrane. These results suggested that the cross-linked PEEK membrane is a suitable candidate of proton conducting membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications, particularly promising to be used in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) due to its lower methanol c…

<title>Cerium-containing counter electrodes for transparent electrochromic devices</title>

Films of Me-Ce oxide (Me: Ti, Zr, Sn, W) and of Ni-Ce hydroxide were produced by reactive magnetron co-sputtering. Li intercalation in Me-Ce oxide, and H exchange in Ni-Ce hydroxide, were accomplished electrochemically. Electrochromism was quenched in proportion with the Ce content in Me-Ce oxide. Films of Zr-Ce (and to some extent Ti-Ce) oxide were able to serve as fully transparent counter electrodes, of much interest for transparent electrochromic devices. In Ni-Ce hydroxide, the Ce addition enhanced the capacity for charge exchange.

Electrochemical Investigation of Hydrogen Evolution and Absorption Phenomena in Nickel Based Electrodes

Due to its potential for industrial applications, hydrogen absorption in metals has attracted continuous interest. Understanding the hydrogen chemistry in metals is crucial due to the significance of hydrogen-metal interactions in important industrial and technical applications such as catalysis, H-fuel containment, corrosion and embrittlement of metals and rechargeable metal hydride batteries [1–2].

A Study on Acidification and Intercalation of Illite Clay Minerals and their Potential Use as a Filler in SPEEK Composite Membranes

The acidification and intercalation of illite containing clays were studied for potential use as fillers for sulphonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite membrane preparation and future proton exchange membrane fuel cells application. The acidification and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalation of illite clays have been studied by powder X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. SPEEK composite membranes were made with 1, 3 and 5% purified, acidified, DMSO intercalated clay fillers. SPEEK/clay composite membranes were characterized by proton conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical strength.

Application of micro Raman spectroscopy to industrial FC membranes

Raman spectra of as-received and protonated membranes (Nafion® NRE-212, Fumapem® F-14100 and Fumasep® FAA) were measured with He-Cd and Ar laser. For the first time the Raman and IR spectra are reported of Fumasep membranes. Most of peaks in vibration spectra active in Raman and IR of membranes are interpreted with C-F, C-S, C-O-C, SO3, C-C bonds. The vibration region connected with protons and H-O bond in both types of membranes is found in Raman and IR spectra.

Acidic Ionic Liquids as Composite Forming Additives for Ion-conducting Materials

This paper represents the material conductivity investigation of several AILs (Acidic Ionic Liquids) containing an alkane sulfonic acid group covalently bonded to pyridine and N–alkylimidazole cations. Three different anions (HSO4-, H2PO4- and TsO-) have been introduced in the structure of ionic liquids to evaluate the impact of this factor on material conductivity. Ion conductivity values in all studied ionic liquids obtained from impedance measurements in temperature range from 20 to 120 °C. Values of electroconductivity depending on ionic liquid's structure vary in rage from 1.3410−5 to 1.0510−2 S/cm at 25 °C.

Glucose oxidase as a biocatalytic enzyme-based bio-fuel cell using Nafion membrane limiting crossover

A novel combination for an Enzyme-based Biofuel cell included a Nafion membrane as an ion transporter that maintained a working cell charge and inhibited membrane degradation. The prototype cell chamber used oxygen (O2) in the cathode cell and glucose in the anode. The Nafion membrane stability studied here was evidently in the region of 0% loss of conductivity as the charge was constant and increased after the addition of glucose. The prototype cell chamber used NaCl in the cathode cell and glucose oxidase (GOx) in the anodic chamber was successfully studied for membrane stability showed in this study no evidence of poisoning from membrane leakage in a controlled pH environment. There was …

Sol-gel produced humidity sensor

Abstract The sol-gel produced polycrystalline Prussian Blue thick films as planar humidity sensors have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy. The equivalent circuit used allows simulation in all the investigated r.h. range (10–100%). The region of changes of sample resistance is about five orders, which is enough for high measuring sensitivity.

Precipitation and calcination synthesis methods forming nano-sized platinum catalytic particles for methanol and hydrogen oxidation

Under varying experimental conditions of calcination and precipitation reactions, different particle sizes and levels of platinum on carbon supported (Pt/C) catalysts were obtained. Rapid precipitation following a chemical reaction ensured formation of nano-sized catalytic particles using super-saturated concentrations under controlled conditions was a significant contribution in understanding the synthesis process and how it relates to an increased number of catalytic reaction sites ultimately providing superior electrochemical (EC) activity. These conditions influenced nucleation and growth rates of the catalytic particles. The super-saturation concentrations of the reactants in the react…

Hydration Behaviour of Sufonated Polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) Membranes

Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) have a potential to become power sources in automotive industry and other household applications. PEM such as sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) have acceptable operating temperature range but proton conductivity is dependent on amount of sulfonic groups attached to the polymer backbone (degree of sulfonation). At the same time, the sulfonic groups cause sorption of water from surrounding vapour or liquid. This factor may lead to mechanical failure if membrane absorbs too much water. Modification of PEM by adding ionic liquids (IL) may provide good proton conductivity but presence of water could also be critical factor of membrane stability as in hig…

Recent Advances in Electrochromics for Smart Windows Applications

Electrochromic smart windows are able to vary their throughput of radiant energy by low-voltage electrical pulses. This function is caused by reversible shuttling of electrons and charge balancing ions between an electrochromic thin film and a transparent counter electrode. The ion transport takes place via a solid electrolyte. Charge transport is evoked by a voltage applied between transparent electrical conductors surrounding the electrochromic film/electrolyte/counter electrode stack. This review summarizes recent progress concerning (i) calculated optical properties of crystalline WO3, (ii) electrochromic properties of heavily disordered W oxide and oxyfluoride films produced by reactiv…

Application of sol-gel and laser evaporation methods to obtain thin gas sensitive films

New type resistive/capacitative gas sensitive structures were obtained by using a specially prepared substrate- glass, covered by thin conducting In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ layer, cutted into a comb teeth-type electrodes by help of laser beam. Such laser processed gap in the layer of conducting material was a prototype of excellent humidity sensor, especially at high values of relative humidity (RH). Different additional coatings onto a laser processed gap were examined for humidity sensing. Sol-gel, vacuum thermal evaporation and laser evaporation methods were used to obtain a thin layers of different materials.

A Covalently Cross-linked Polyetheretherketone Proton Exchange Membrane for DMFC

The proton exchange membrane was prepared by covalent cross-linking sulfonated-sulfinated polyetheretherketone. The cross-linked membrane showed high proton conductivity (0.04 S/cm) with suitable water uptake, low methanol permeability (2.21 × 10-7 cm2/s) and good electrochemical stability. The results suggested that cross-linked polyetheretherketone membrane is particularly promising to be used as proton exchange membrane for the direct methanol fuel cell application.

Synthesis highly active platinum tri-metallic electrocatalysts using "one-step" organometallic chemical vapour deposition technique for methanol oxidation process

A simple solvent free method for the synthesis of tri-metallic platinum electrocatalysts on carbon nanotubes is presented. By investigating the platinum alloy electrocatalysts, it was showed that the additional metals of platinum alloys could reduce the metal particle sizes and produce larger chemical-active surface area, as well as the higher methanol oxidation activity of the catalysts. The organometallic chemical vapour deposition method was successfully applied to produce multiple samples of PtRuFe, PtRuCu and PtRuV. The electrocatalysts were characterized by ICP, XRD, HRTEM and the catalytic activity was determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV).

Composite Membranes of Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) with Active Carbon: Composite Preparation and Investigation of their Properties for Potential Application for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction

Authors of this work acknowledge funding from European Union`s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program project under grant agreement No 768789.

Proton conducting polymer composites for electrochromic devices

Abstract This report describes composite proton electrolytes composed of nanosize zirconium phosphate or antimonic acid particles suspended in a poly(vinyl acetate)/glycerin gel matrix. The proton conductivity was 10 −3 –10 −4 S/cm at room temperature, thermal stability prevailed up to at least 110°C, and compatibility was found with oxide electrodes; these properties makes the electrolyte suitable for use in solid state electrochemical devices. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to obey the Williams-Landel-Ferry relationship at temperatures over 60°C, thus suggesting that the ion conductivity in the composite electrolyte can be described by mechanisms normally taken t…

Estimation of hydrogen transfer mechanisms in composite materials

Abstract Spill-over effect as a hydrogen transfer mechanism is proposed to explain an increased capacity of hydrogen absorption and improvement of hydrogen activation kinetics in composite material based on the AB5 type metal hydride and powdered glass. A raw lanthanum nickel alloy AB5 with small amount of additives was used as catalyst and bulk material for hydrogen storage, and a borosilicate glass powder with developed surface was applied as a support material. Thermogravimetric technique to determine an absorbed amount of the hydrogen in materials and X-ray powder diffraction analysis for structural investigations was used.

Proton conducting composite electrolytes based on antimonic acid

Abstract This report concerns a composite proton electrolyte suitable for use in electrochromic devices. The electrolyte consists of nanosize pyrochlore antimonic acid particles suspended in a poly(vinyl acetate) matrix by a gel route. It was found possible to substitute the antimonic acid by inert oxides of aluminum and silicon, thus making the electrolyte less harmful to the oxide electrodes of the electrochromic devices without considerably decreasing the conductivity. The proton conductivity of the antimonic acid electrolyte was ∼10 −4 S/cm at room temperature, practically independent of its amount of absorbed water.

Modelling IR Spectra of Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membranes for Fuel Cells

Authors acknowledge support from LSC project No 2014/666 ERDF and students ( ) support from project 2DP/2.1.1.1.0/14/APIA/VIAA/009.

Function of titanium oxide coated on carbon nanotubes as support for platinum catalysts

This study describes the outcome of the synthesis of laboratory-made (HM) Pt monometallic, binary and ternary catalysts supported on TiO2/CNT (carbon nanotubes) and based on using the dry-mix method of organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). These multicomponent catalysts were investigated and compared with commercial Johnson Matthey (JM) catalysts for electrochemical applications.

Proton-conducting zirconium phosphate/poly(vinyl acetate)/glycerine gel electrolytes

This work reports on a proton gel electrolyte composed of zirconium phosphate (ZP) particles suspended in a poly(vinyl acetate)/glycerine matrix. The material was studied by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, impedance spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry. It had a proton conductivity of 1–0.1 mS/cm at room temperature and remained stable and transparent up to at least 110 °C; it therefore appears suitable for uses in electrochromic devices. The structure of the ZP powder and of the gel is discussed in terms of water removal from interplanar spaces by heating or exfoliation. It is suggested that an exfoliation of the layered structure of ZP by intercalation of glyce…

Gaseous sensors based on solid proton conductors

Abstract he chemical sensors for different gaseous (alcohol, acetone, ammonia, water vapour) detection at room temperature are developed by using polycrystalline β-alumina and xerogel of antimonic acid hydrate (AAH). The sensitivity and selectivity of sensors depend on the ion-exchange and preparative methods. The possibility of producing different types of potentiometric, amperometric, voltammetric and resistance sensors on the basis of these ion-conducting materials is shown. More success is achieved by producing ammonia-sensitive devices on β-alumina as well as on AAH xerogel.

Different approaches in sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) conductivity measurements

Ion conductivity of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes with various degree of sulfonation (DS) was investigated using impedance analysis with different measuring cell configuration and ion conductivity was calculated from resistances of polymer membranes. SPEEK was synthesized from poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) via sulfonation reaction in concentrated sulfuric acid (95-98%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of membrane surface was performed to determine possible mechanical damage to the membrane during resistance measurements.

Cross-linked PEEK-WC proton exchange membrane for fuel cell

Abstract The low cost proton exchange membrane was prepared by cross-linking water soluble sulfonated-sulfinated poly(oxa- p -phenylene-3,3-phthalido- p -phenylene-oxa- p -phenylene-oxy-phenylene) (SsPEEK-WC). The prepared cross-linked membrane became insoluble in water, and exhibited high proton conductivity, 2.9 × 10 −2  S/cm at room temperature. The proton conductivity was comparable with that of Nafion ® 117 membrane (6.2 × 10 −2  S/cm). The methanol permeability of the cross-linked membrane was 1.6 × 10 −7  cm 2 /s, much lower than that of Nafion ® 117 membrane.

Mechanical Properties of Composite SPEEK Polymer Membranes Modified with Ionic Liquids

In this work, the mechanical properties of sulphonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) membranes impregnated with 3 different ionic liquids (1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl- imidazolium dimethylphosphate ([BMMIM][Me2PO4])), 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([MMMIM][Me2PO4])), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([MMIM][Me2PO4])) have been investigated. Prepared SPEEK/ionic liquid composite membranes are characterized by mechanical testing both in room and elevated temperatures. It was found that the stiffness and tensile strength of composites decreased by increasing the content of ionic liquid and the length of alkyl radical in ionic liquid as well as by increasing the temperature.

A Study of Osmosis Rate Through Several Proton Conducting Polymer Composite Membranes

Carbon dioxide is typically considered to be a byproduct of various industrial processes that should not be released into the environment due to its nature as a harmful greenhouse gas. One of the more promising ways to dispose of it in an economical and environmentally friendly way is by using it as a raw material in electrochemical synthesis reactors. An important part of such reactors is an ion exchange membrane. In this study the influence of ZrO2 content in SPEEK – ZrO2 composite membranes on rate of osmosis trough them was investigated, with the goal of evaluating ZrO2 as an additive for making ion exchange membranes with fine-tuned osmotic permeability.

Aluminium oxide — Poly(vinyl acetate) composite electrolyte for electrochromic devices

This report describes composite proton electrolytes composed of nanosize activated aluminium oxide particles with different surface acidity suspended in a poly(vinyl acetate)/glycerine matrix. The conductivity of the composite was found to increase by going from basic to neutral to acidic aluminium oxide. Tests in laminated electrochromic devices with tungsten oxide and nickel hydroxide films showed that the acidic electrolyte is compatible with WO3, the basic electrolyte is compatible with Ni(OH)2, and the neutral electrolyte is compatible with both of the electrodes.