showing 36 of ~574560 from 574555 documents
Success in reaching affect self-regulation goals through everyday music listening
2023
While music listening on mobile phones can serve many affect-regulatory goals, success in reaching these goals is yet to be empirically assessed. This study aimed to determine how frequently listeners successfully reach their affect-regulatory goals, and the predictors of this success. Data were collected using the experience sampling app MuPsych, from 293 Finnish participants. Goals were successfully reached in less than half of cases, with adults more successful than adolescents. Success was determined largely within contexts, and strongly predicted by an initial low-valenced emotional state of the listener, suggesting that music listening is particularly useful for those in negative stat…
La Renovación Pedagógica Hoy: Transformación y Defensa de lo Público y el Bien Común
2023
El trabajo de investigación que aquí se presenta es un intento por caracterizar el complejo concepto de la renovación pedagógica en el periodo actual. Tratando simultáneamente de delimitar este concepto y el de innovación educativa. Para ello se han analizado los discursos de doce personas expertas y prácticas, “referentes” en este campo educativo. El método seguido se enmarca dentro del enfoque de los Estudios Críticos del Discurso (ECD), utilizando en concreto el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD). Se han utilizado entrevistas semiestructuradas como instrumento de recogida de información. A partir del análisis de los discursos de las personas expertas participantes en la investigación se…
Et oppkomme av glemt arbeiderradikalisme? Det Norske Arbeider-Blad i 1854
2023
I studier av de norske arbeiderforeningene rundt 1850 har Arbeider-Foreningernes Blad tradisjonelt inntatt en sen-tral plass i historikernes kildelister. Annerledes forholder det seg med Det Norske Arbeider-Blad, som ved et kupp i1854 tok over som foreningenes medlemsblad etter lang tids intern strid mellom to fraksjoner ledet av henholdsvis Marcus Thrane og Theodor Abildgaard. Bladet har tidligere nesten ikke blitt omtalt, og aldri tidligere blitt analysert– hovedsakelig fordi man de siste 70 årene har gått ut ifra at det var tapt. Likevel har det fått rykte på seg for å være«filantropisk», det vil si sosialpasifiserende, umyndiggjørende og paternalistisk. Gjennom en analyse av den gjenfun…
Use of Different Nutrients to Improve the Fermentation Performances of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus OM13 during the Production of Sevillian Style Gre…
2023
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation performance of the commercial starter Lactiplantibacillus pentosus OM13 with four nutrients (A, B, C, and D) that differed in the following ingredients: starch, sugars, maltodextrin, inactivated yeast, inactivated yeast rich in amino acids, inactivated yeast rich in mannoproteins, and salt (NaCl). For this purpose, six different experimental productions of Nocellara del Belice table olives were carried out. During transformation, the fermentation process was monitored by measuring pH and plate counts for lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Pseudodomondaceae populations. At the end of the produc…
Pre-service teachers’ flexibility and performance in solving Fermi problems
2023
AbstractFermi problems are real-context estimation tasks that are suitable for introducing open-ended problems in primary school education. To ensure their effective introduction in the classroom, teachers must have adequate proficiency to deal with them. One of the key aspects of problem-solving proficiency is flexibility, but there are few studies on flexibility in solving real-context problems. This study, based on an analysis of the errors made by 224 prospective teachers when solving a Fermi problem sequence, establishes performance levels. In addition, we define levels of flexibility in using multiple solutions across the sequence, which allows us to address the main objective: to stu…
Conclusion. L’habitat de hauteur entre Protohistoire et haut Moyen Âge : pour une approche diachronique
2023
Au travers de ces quelques contributions, ce dossier entend proposer de nouvelles perspectives pour l’approche des occupations de hauteur, en prônant notamment une collaboration plus étroite entre spécialistes des âges des Métaux et de l’Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Âge. Cette coopération peut se traduire d’une part à l’échelle des sites, lorsque l’occasion se présente, d’autre part à l’échelle de territoires plus ou moins vastes afin de mettre en évidence l’existence de logiques spatia...
Interfacial Oxide Modulated unique Exchange Bias in CrPS4/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructures
2023
Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures are an attractive platform for studying exchange bias due to their defect free and atomically flat interfaces. Chromium thiophosphate (CrPS4), an antiferromagnet, has uncompensated magnetic spins in a single layer that make it an excellent candidate for studying exchange bias. In this study, we examined the exchange bias in CrPS4/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructures using anomalous Hall measurements. Our results show that the exchange bias strength is robust for clean interfaces, with a hysteresis loop shift of about 55 mT at 5 K for few-layer Fe3GeTe2, which is larger than that obtained in most van der Waals AFM/FM heterostructures. However…
Attosecond magnetization dynamics in non-magnetic materials driven by intense femtosecond lasers
2023
Irradiating solids with ultrashort laser pulses is known to initiate femtosecond timescale magnetization dynamics. However, sub-femtosecond spin dynamics have not yet been observed or predicted. Here, we explore ultrafast light-driven spin dynamics in a highly non-resonant strong-field regime. Through state-of-the-art ab-initio calculations, we predict that a non-magnetic material can be transiently transformed into a magnetic one via dynamical extremely nonlinear spin-flipping processes, which occur on attosecond timescales and are mediated by a combination of multi-photon and spin-orbit interactions. These are non-perturbative non-resonant analogues to the inverse Faraday effect that buil…
On the Syntax of Fronted Adverbial Clauses in Two Tyrolean Dialects: The Distribution of Resumptive Semm
2023
Abstract This chapter discusses adverbial resumption in two Tyrolean dialects, Meranese and Mòcheno, which represent two privileged environments for investigations on microvariation. We show that certain classes of fronted adverbials are resumed in both languages by the resumptive element semm (lit. “there, then”), which behaves semantically like a generalized resumptive because it is used with a variety of adverbial clauses. However, unlike the Norwegian generalized resumptive studied by Christine Meklenborg, semm is a maximal category and cannot resume nominal arguments. We demonstrate that resumption with semm is limited to central adverbial clauses (e.g. temporal clauses), while periphe…
Idiopathic Non-Dental Facial Pain Syndromes in Italian Children: A Clinical Case Series
2023
Background. The orofacial pain syndromes (OFPs) are a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by painful attacks involving the orofacial structures. They may be summarily subdivided into two great categories: (1) orofacial pain mainly attributed to dental disorders such as dentoalveolar and myofascial orofacial pain or temporomandibular joint (TM) pain; (2) orofacial pain mainly attributed to non-dental pain as neuralgias, facial localization of primary headaches or idiopathic orofacial pain. The second group is uncommon, often described by single case reports, can often show overlapping symptoms with the first group, and represents a clinical challenge, carrying the risk of underval…
Discretising Keyfitz' entropy for studies of actuarial senescence and comparative demography
2023
1. Keyfitz’ entropy is a widely used metric to quantify the shape of the survivorship curve of populations, from plants, to animals, and microbes. Keyfitz’ entropy values 1 correspond to species with a decreasing mortality rate with age (negative senescence), and a Keyfitz entropy of exactly 1 corresponds to a constant mortality rate with age. Keyfitz’ entropy was originally defined using a continuous-time model, and has since been discretised to facilitate its calculation from discrete-time demographic data. 2. Here, we show that the previously used discretisation of the continuous-time metric does not preserve the relationship with increasing, decreasing, or constant mortality rates. To r…
Introduction. L’habitat de hauteur entre Protohistoire et haut Moyen Âge : regards croisés
2023
L’étude des sites de hauteur est aujourd’hui une thématique largement mise à l’honneur par la recherche archéologique. En témoignent les publications collectives et manifestations scientifiques récentes sur le sujet, en particulier pour les âges des Métaux ainsi que pour l’Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Âge, périodes au cours desquelles cette forme d’occupation du sol tient une place particulière (pour les publications récentes sur le sujet, voir, entre autres, Delrieu, Furestier, 2018 ; ...
Microvariation in the Distribution of Resumptive Pronouns in the Left Dislocation Construction in Two Tyrolean Dialects of Northern Italy
2023
In this paper we document a so-far neglected case of microvariation involving resumptive pronouns in the left-dislocation construction in Meranese, spoken in South Tyrol, and Mòcheno, spoken in the Fersina valley (Trentino). While in standard German resumptive elements in this construction belong to the class of D-pronouns, the two Tyrolean dialects considered in the paper exhibit, as resumptive pronouns, both (i) D-pronouns and (ii) pronominal usages of the distal demonstrative formed by the definite article (D) and sèll corresponding to ‘that one’. We show that in both languages D+sèll forms overlap with German D-pronouns in most contexts, whereas D-pronou…
Regularity of sets under a reformulation in a product space of reduced dimension
2023
Different notions on regularity of sets and of collection of sets play an important role in the analysis of the convergence of projection algorithms in nonconvex scenarios. While some projection algorithms can be applied to feasibility problems defined by finitely many sets, some other require the use of a product space reformulation to construct equivalent problems with two sets. In this work we analyze how some regularity properties are preserved under a reformulation in a product space of reduced dimension. This allows us to establish local linear convergence of parallel projection methods which are constructed through this reformulation.
High-precision measurements of the hyperfine structure of cobalt ions in the deep ultraviolet range
2023
Scientific reports 13(1), 4783 (2023). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31378-1
Updated measurement of the branching fraction of $D_s^+\to \tau^+\nu_\tau$ via $\tau^+\to\pi^+\bar{\nu}_\tau$
2023
We report the updated study of $D_s^+\to \tau^+\nu$ via $\tau^+\to\pi^+\bar{\nu}_\tau$ with a boosted decision trees analysis, with $7.33$ fb$^{-1}$ of $e^{+}e^{-}$ collision data collected by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between $4.128$ and $4.226$~GeV. The branching fraction of $D_s^+\to \tau^+\nu_\tau$ is determined to be $(5.41\pm0.17_{\rm stat}\pm0.13_{\rm syst})\%$. The product of the $D_s^+$ decay constant $f_{D_s^+}$ and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|V_{cs}|$ is $f_{D_s^+}|V_{cs}| = (247.6\pm3.9_{\rm stat}\pm3.2_{\rm syst}\pm1.0_{\rm input})~\mathrm{MeV}$. Combining with the $|V_{cs}|$ obtained from the global fit in the Standard Model and the $f_{…
Nest characteristics and associates of Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Central Finland
2023
In social vespine wasps, the nest characteristics and associates vary intra- and interspecifically. I studied the nest characteristics and nest associates of three Dolichovespula wasp species in boreal Finland. The average number of combs and cells per nest was similar among D. media, D. saxonica and D. norwegica, and similar to Dolichovespula in the temperate zone. Most D. media and D. saxonica colonies produced both gynes and males, whereas D. norwegica produced mainly either one. The average colony lifespan of D. saxonica was a bit over two months, i.e. shorter than documented for Dolichovespula in the temperate zone. The proportion of nests parasitised by the ichneumonid wasp Sphecophag…
The embodiment of emotion-label words and emotion-laden words : Evidence from late Chinese–English bilinguals
2023
Although increasing studies have confirmed the distinction between emotion-label words (words directly label emotional states) and emotion-laden words (words evoke emotions through connotations), the existing evidence is inconclusive, and their embodiment is unknown. In the current study, the emotional categorization task was adopted to investigate whether these two types of emotion words are embodied by directly comparing how they are processed in individuals’ native language (L1) and the second language (L2) among late Chinese-English bilinguals. The results revealed that apart from L2 negative emotion-laden words, both types of emotion words in L1 and L2 produced significant emotion effe…
Ultra-fast detection of the center frequency of a spectral line from amplitude-weighted average
2023
Spectroscopy methods often require calculating the central frequency of a resonance line, that is usually implemented by finding a best fit to the spectrum by a line-shape function. Such an iterative procedure is slow and requires an initial guess. We report an analytical method for calculating the central frequency of a spectral line by using the mean value of its frequencies, which are weighted by corresponding normalized intensities. We use this method to calculate two-dimensional arrays of central frequencies from parallely measured magnetic resonance spectra, which are optically detected by a camera sensor in a thin layer of NV centers with superparamagnetic hemozoin crystals on top of…
A New 1D Ni (II) Coordination Polymer of s-Triazine Type Ligand and Thiocyanate as Linker via Unexpected Hydrolysis of 2,4-Bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazo…
2023
A new 1D Ni(II) coordination polymer was synthesized by the reaction of NiSO4·6H2O with 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine (BPT) and SCN− as a linker in an acidic medium by heating under reflux conditions. Unusually, the BPT ligand underwent acid-mediated hydrolysis by losing one of the pyrazolyl arms afforded the polymeric [Ni(MPT)(H2O)(SCN)2]n complex (MPT: 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol. The Ni(II) center is coordinated with one MPT as a bidentate NN-chelate, one water molecule, and two thiocyanate groups in cis positions to one another. One of the thiocyanate groups acts as a bridging ligand between metal centers, l…
Exclusive heavy vector meson photoproduction on nuclei in NLO perturbative QCD
2023
We make predictions for the cross section of coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb and O-O ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) at the LHC as a function of the $J/\psi$ rapidity $y$ in the framework of collinear factorization and next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD. We quantify the strong scale dependence and significant uncertainties due to nuclear PDFs and show that our approach provides a reasonable description of the LHC data on coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb UPCs. We demonstrate that these uncertainties are reduced by approximately a factor of 10 in the scaled ratio of the O-O and Pb-Pb UPC cross sections. Our analysis indicates the dominance of the quark contrib…
Measurement of the branching fraction of $D_s^+\to \tau^+ \nu_{\tau}$ via $\tau^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_{\mu}\bar{\nu_{\tau}}$
2023
Utilizing $7.33~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of $e^+e^-$ collision data taken at the center-of-mass energies of 4.128, 4.157, 4.178, 4.189, 4.199, 4.209, 4.219, and 4.226 GeV with the BESIII detector, the branching fraction of the leptonic decay $D_s^+\to\tau^+\nu_\tau$ via $\tau^+\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\bar \nu_\tau$ is measured to be $\mathcal{B}_{D_s^+\to\tau^+\nu_\tau}=(5.34\pm0.16_{\rm stat}\pm0.10_{\rm syst})\%$. Combining this branching fraction with the world averages of the measurements of the masses of $\tau^+$ and $D_s^+$ as well as the lifetime of $D_s^+$, we extract the product of the decay constant of $D_s^+$ and the $c\to s$ Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element to be $f_{D_s^+}|V_{cs}|=(246…
Nucleosynthesis in jet-driven and jet-associated supernovae
2023
In contrast to regular core-collapse supernovae, explosions of rapidly rotating massive stars can develop jets, fast collimated outflows directed along the rotational axis. Depending on the rate of rotation and the magnetic field strength before collapse as well as on possible mechanisms amplifying the magnetic field, such a core can explode magnetorotationally rather than via the standard supernova mechanism based on neutrino heating. This scenario can explain the highest kinetic energies observed in the class of hypernovae. On longer time scales, rotation and magnetic fields can play an important role in the engine of long gamma-ray burst powered by proto-magnetars or hyperaccreting black…
Essential Oils as Nematicides in Plant Protection-A Review
2023
By 2030, the European Commission intends to halve chemical pesticide use and its consequent risks. Among pesticides, nematicides are chemical agents used to control parasitic roundworms in agriculture. In recent decades, researchers have been looking for more sustainable alternatives with the same effectiveness but a limited impact on the environment and ecosystems. Essential oils (EOs) are similar bioactive compounds and potential substitutes. Different studies on the use of EOs as nematicides are available in the Scopus database in the scientific literature. These works show a wider exploration of EO effects in vitro than in vivo on different nematode populations. Nevertheless, a review o…
Predicting Adolescents’ Physical Activity Intentions : Testing an Integrated Social Cognition Model
2023
Abstract Background Few adolescents meet guideline levels of physical activity associated with good health, highlighting the need for intervention. Interventions promoting adolescents’ physical activity should be guided by research applying behavioral theory to identify potentially modifiable correlates and associated processes. We applied an integrated social cognition model to identify theory-based constructs and processes that relate to physical activity intentions in a secondary analysis of two samples of Finnish adolescents using a correlational design. Method Participants in the first sample (n = 455) completed self-report measures of social cognition constructs from theory of planned…
Collective vs. individual behaviour for sums of i.i.d. random variables: appearance of the one-big-jump phenomenon
2023
This article studies large and local large deviations for sums of i.i.d. real-valued random variables in the domain of attraction of an $\alpha$-stable law, $\alpha\in (0,2]$, with emphasis on the case $\alpha=2$. There are two different scenarios: either the deviation is realised via a collective behaviour with all summands contributing to the deviation (a Gaussian scenario), or a single summand is atypically large and contributes to the deviation (a one-big-jump scenario). Such results are known when $\alpha \in (0,2)$ (large deviations always follow a one big-jump scenario) or when the random variables admit a moment of order $2+\delta$ for some $\delta>0$. We extend these results, inclu…
AnyDSL: a partial evaluation framework for programming high-performance libraries
2023
This paper advocates programming high-performance code using partial evaluation. We present a clean-slate programming system with a simple, annotation-based, online partial evaluator that operates on a CPS-style intermediate representation. Our system exposes code generation for accelerators (vectorization/parallelization for CPUs and GPUs) via compiler-known higher-order functions that can be subjected to partial evaluation. This way, generic implementations can be instantiated with target-specific code at compile time. In our experimental evaluation we present three extensive case studies from image processing, ray tracing, and genome sequence alignment. We demonstrate that using partial …
A minimization problem with free boundary and its application to inverse scattering problems
2023
We study a minimization problem with free boundary, resulting in hybrid quadrature domains for the Helmholtz equation, as well as some application to inverse scattering problem.
Study of the $f_{0}(980)$ through the decay $D_{s}^{+} \to \pi^{+} \pi^{-} e^{+} \nu_{e}$
2023
Using $e^+e^-$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.33 ${\rm fb^{-1}}$ recorded by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 ${\rm GeV}$, we present an analysis of the decay $D_{s}^{+} \to f_{0}(980)e^{+}\nu_{e}$ with $f_{0}(980) \to \pi^{+}\pi^{-}$, where the $D_s^+$ is produced via the process $e^+e^- \to D_{s}^{*\pm}D_{s}^{\mp}$. We observe the $f_{0}(980)$ in the $\pi^+\pi^-$ system and the branching fraction of the decay $D_{s}^{+} \to f_{0}(980)e^{+}\nu_{e}$ with $f_0(980)\to\pi^+\pi^-$ is measured to be $(1.72 \pm 0.13_{\rm stat} \pm 0.10_{\rm syst}) \times10^{-3}$, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectiv…
Child Protection in Mediterranean Countries: Italy and Greece
2023
Abstract This chapter explores the child protection systems in Italy and Greece. Both countries have to deal with immigrant children due to the conflict between the rights of minors and immigration laws on control and defense. In Italy, the child protection system is the result of a patchwork of norms and regulations addressing different societal demands and pressures. Family and cash-transfers are fundamental factors in Italy’s child welfare system. Greece, on the other hand, has adopted fragmented measures and policies connected with financial benefits, income support, social security, social care for disabled people, and rehabilitation for children at risk. The chapter also notes how the…
Cohort Differences in Depressive Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in 75- and 80-Year-Olds : A Comparison of Two Cohorts 28 Years Apart
2023
Objectives To examine birth cohort differences in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in older men and women and the mechanisms underpinning the possible cohort differences. Methods Two independent cohorts of Finnish men and women aged 75 and 80 were assessed in 1989–1990 ( n = 617) and 2017–2018 ( n = 794). They reported their depressive symptoms (CES-D), current life satisfaction, and evaluation of life until now. Results The later-born cohort reported fewer depressive symptoms (8.6 ± 7.1 vs. 13.9 ± 8.3) and the differences were similar for the subdomains of depressive symptoms. The later-born cohort was more often mostly satisfied with life until now (90 vs. 70%) but not with the c…
Jet momentum broadening during initial stages in heavy-ion collisions
2023
We study the jet quenching parameter $\hat q$ in the initial pre-equilibrium stages of heavy-ion collisions using the QCD kinetic theory description of the anisotropic quark-gluon plasma. This allows us to smoothly close the gap in the literature between the early glasma stage of the collision and the onset of hydrodynamics. We find that the pre-hydrodynamic evolution of $\hat q$ during the bottom-up kinetic scenario shows little sensitivity to the initial conditions, jet energies and models of the transverse momentum cutoff. We also observe that, similarly to the glasma case, the jet quenching parameter is enhanced along the beam axis as compared to the transverse direction during most of …
Antiviral Mechanisms of N-Phenyl Benzamides on Coxsackie Virus A9
2023
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant groups of viruses infecting humans, and yet there are no approved antivirals against them. To find effective antiviral compounds against enterovirus B group viruses, an in-house chemical library was screened. The most effective compounds against Coxsackieviruses B3 (CVB3) and A9 (CVA9) were CL212 and CL213, two N-phenyl benzamides. Both compounds were more effective against CVA9 and CL213 gave a better EC50 value of 1 µM with high a specificity index of 140. Both drugs were most effective when incubated directly with viruses suggesting that they mainly bound to the virions. A real-time uncoating assay showed that the compounds stabilized the virion…
Child-Centered and Teacher-Directed Practices in Two Different Countries: A Descriptive Case Study in Finnish and Japanese Grade 1 Classrooms
2023
This descriptive case study examined how teaching practices were evidenced in Grade 1 classrooms in two different cultural and educational contexts, Finland and Japan. Teachers’ teaching practices were video-recorded in 53 classrooms in Finland and six classrooms in Japan and rated with the Early Childhood Classroom Observation Measure by trained investigators. Four Finnish teachers and two Japanese teachers having the highest scores in either child-centered or teacher-directed practices were selected for a descriptive case study to take a closer look at how teaching practices in terms of management, climate, and instruction are evidenced in authentic classroom situations. The analysis reve…
New constraints on the presence of debris disks around G 196-3 B and VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b
2023
We obtained deep images of G 196-3 B and VHS J1256-1257 b with the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) at 1.3 mm. These data were combined with recently published Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and Very Large Array (VLA) data of VHS J1256-1257 b at 0.87 mm and 0.9 cm, respectively. Neither G 196-3 B nor VHS J1256-1257 b were detected in the NOEMA, ALMA and VLA data. At 1.3 mm, we imposed flux upper limits of 0.108 mJy (G 196-3 B) and 0.153 mJy (VHS J1256-1257 b) with a 3-sigma confidence. Using the flux upper limits at the millimeter and radio wavelength regimes, we derived maximum values of 0.016 M$_{\rm Earth}$ and 0.004 M$_{\rm Earth}$ for the mass of any cold dust that mig…
Kohti reflektiivistä katsomuskasvatusta
2023
Tässä artikkelissa käsitellään reflektiivisyyttä katsomuskasvatuksen kontekstissa filosofisista ja teoreettisista näkökulmista. Katsomuskasvatus tulkitaan tässä laajasti: se kattaa elämänkatsomustiedon ja uskontojen opetuksen lisäksi kaiken kasvatuksen, joka tukee katsomuksen muodostumista ja identiteettityötä. Reflektiivinen katsomuskasvatus asettuu vastakohdaksi indoktrinatiiviselle kasvatukselle, jossa pyritään iskostamaan tietynlaiseen oppiin tai uskomusjärjestelmään perustuva ajattelutapa oppilaiden mieliin. Reflektiivisen katsomuskasvatuksen tarkoitus on antaa lapselle ja nuorelle välineitä määritellä identiteettiään ja maailmankuvaansa. Artikkelissa esitetään uusi reflektiivisen kats…