Search results for "carbohydrate"

Ionic liquids binary mixtures and zeolites: a combination to promote carbohydrates conversion into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Proteoglycan occurrence in gastrolith of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Malacostraca: Decapoda).

2012

14 pages; International audience; Biomineralized structures are hybrid composites formed and stabilized by the close interaction of the organic and the inorganic phases. Crayfish are good models for studying biomineralization because they develop, in a molting-mineralization cycle, semi-spherical mineralized structures referred to as gastroliths. The organic matrix of these structures consists of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. Chitin is the main polysaccharide and is concentrically arranged as fibrous chitin-protein lamellar structures. Although several proteins and low-molecular weight phosphorylated components have been reported to be involved in gastrolith mineralization, the occ…

The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health

2005

Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene-nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need …

Comparison of α-acetolactate synthase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase in Lactococcus spp. and Leuconostoc spp.

1994

Cell-free extracts of Leuconostoc and Lactococcus species were tested for their alpha-acetolactate synthase and alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activities. In Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Leuconostoc lactis, the Km of alpha-acetolactate synthase for pyruvate was close to 10 mM whereas it was 30 mM in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis. The Km of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase for alpha-acetolactic acid was very low (0.3 mM) in Leuconostoc species in comparison to Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis (60 mM). In the latter bacterium, alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase showed a sigmoidal de…

Lactose Intolerance and Self-Reported Milk Intolerance: Relationship with Lactose Maldigestion and Nutrient Intake

1998

Background: The relationship between lactose-maldigestion, self-reported milk intolerance and gastrointestinal symptoms has not been clearly defined.Objectives: To evaluate: a) the prevalence of lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance in a sample of the general population taken from a rural center; b) the frequency of self-reported milk-intolerance and its correlation with lactose-maldigestion; c) the influence of lactose maldigestion, lactose intolerance and self-reported milk intolerance on dietary habits and consumption of total calories, protein, and calcium.Subjects: We studied a randomized sample of the general population in a small center in Sicily. 323 subjects (150 males, 173 …

The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

2017

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota composition in premenopausal women. The participants consisted of 71 premenopausal Finnish women (aged 19–49 years). Gut microbiota were analyzed using flow cytometry, 16S rRNA gene hybridization and DNA-staining. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ₘₐₓ) was assessed by respiratory gas analyzer and body composition by Bioimpdance. We found that participants with low VO₂ₘₐₓ had lower Bacteroides, but higher Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides than the high VO₂ₘₐₓ group (p < 0.05 for all). VO₂ₘₐₓ was inversely associated with EreC (r = −0.309, p = 0.01) but not with other bact…

Alpha-1-antitrypsin-induced inhibition of complement-dependent phagocytosis.

1981

Abstract In a previous investigation, inhibition of complement-dependent rosette formation by alpha1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) was observed, and it was demonstrated that α1-AT interacts through its carbohydrate portion with C3 and its fragments. In the present study, the effect of α1-AT on the complement-receptor-mediated phagocytosis by human peripheral blood monocytes was examined. Purified α1-AT inhibited in a dose-dependent manner phagocytosis of C3-carrying yeast particles. Inhibition was selective, concerned only C3-receptor-mediated phagocytosis, neither Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis nor uptake of untreated yeast particles was blocked by α1-AT. It was demonstrated that α1-AT exerted it…

ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic-Chemical Synthesis of a (2-3)-Sialyl T Threonine Building Block and Its Application to the Synthesis of the N-Ter…

2010

Protection of all functional groups of the carbohydrate portion of the chemoenzymatically synthesized sialyl T threonine ester 1 (R=R1 =H, R2 =tBu, Fmoc=9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) and subsequent acidolysis of the tert-butyl ester afforded the building block 2 (R=Ac, R1 =Me, R2 =H). The latter is a useful tool in the solid-phase synthesis of the N-terminal sequence 3 of the leukemia-associated leukosialin.

IgG Fc sialylation is regulated during the germinal center reaction following immunization with different adjuvants

2020

Background: Effector functions of IgG Abs are regulated by their Fc N-glycosylation pattern. IgG Fc glycans that lack galactose and terminal sialic acid residues correlate with the severity of inflammatory (auto)immune disorders and have also been linked to protection against viral infection and discussed in the context of vaccine-induced protection. In contrast, sialylated IgG Abs have shown immunosuppressive effects.Objective: We sought to investigate IgG glycosylation programming during the germinal center (GC) reaction following immunization of mice with a foreign protein antigen and different adjuvants.Methods: Mice were analyzed for GC T-cell, B-cell, and plasma cell responses, as wel…

First Evidence for a Covalent Linkage between Enterobacterial Common Antigen and Lipopolysaccharide in Shigella sonnei Phase II ECALPS

2014

Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is expressed by Gram-negative bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, including emerging drug-resistant pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus spp. Recent studies have indicated the importance of ECA for cell envelope integrity, flagellum expression, and resistance of enteric bacteria to acetic acid and bile salts. ECA, a heteropolysaccharide built from the trisaccharide repeating unit, →3)-α-D-Fucp4NAc-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAcA-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→, occurs as a cyclic form (ECA(CYC)), a phosphatidylglycerol (PG)-linked form (ECA(PG)), and an endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-associated form (ECA(LPS)). Since the discovery of…