0000000000000807
AUTHOR
M. Isabel Burguete
Enhanced transport through binding cooperativity in a circulating system
Abstract Allosteric cooperativity in a multiphase circulating system is shown to enhance ion transport when long contact times are involved.
Chiral synthetic pseudopeptidic derivatives as triplet excited state quenchers
The behavior of 6 pseudopeptidic models, synthesized by connecting different protected amino acids (Trp, Tyr, Phe, and Lys) with various diamino spacers, as quenchers of the triplet excited state of tiaprofenic acid (and its methyl ester), has been investigated. A series of quenching constants have been determined, which depend on the nature of the quencher and on the stereochemistry of the excited drug. A significant degree of stereodifferentiation has been found for the peptidomimetic synthesized with Phe and Tyr linked by a piperazine bridge. The obtained results support the utility of laser flash photolysis (LFP) as a tool to investigate the interactions between photoexcited drugs and s…
Photoluminescence Enhancement of CdSe Quantum Dots: A Case of Organogel–Nanoparticle Symbiosis
Highly fluorescent organogels (QD-organogel), prepared by combining a pseudopeptidic macrocycle and different types of CdSe quantum dots (QDs), have been characterized using a battery of optical and microscopic techniques. The results indicate that the presence of the QDs not only does not disrupt the supramolecular organization of the internal fibrillar network of the organogel to a significant extent, but it also decreases the critical concentration of gelator needed to form stable and thermoreversible organogels. Regarding the photophysical properties of the QDs, different trends were observed depending on the presence of a ZnS inorganic shell around the CdSe core. Thus, while the core-s…
Bisferrocenyl-functionalized pseudopeptides: access to separated ionic and electronic contributions for electrochemical anion sensing
Pseudopeptidic receptors containing ferrocene fragments have been prepared and their response to a series of anions was measured by a voltammetry of microparticles methodology. Such water-insoluble compounds yield anion-assisted reversible solid-state oxidations differing in their open-circuit potential and their midpeak potential recorded in cyclic voltammetric measurements. The difference between those potentials provides the individual thermodynamic contributions of electron and proton transfer, revealing that the mechanism of an ion-sensitive electrode can differ in potentiometry and voltammetry. The studied receptors are potentially interesting for potentiometric sensing, showing relat…
One-pot synthesis of polyaza[n]naphthalenophanes and polyaza[n]anthracenophanes
Abstract Pernosylated polyaza[n]cyclophanes 13–20 were prepared by a Richman-Atkins modified methodology. Deprotection under mild conditions gave polyaza[n]cyclophanes 21–28 . This methodology allows for the preparation of cyclophanes containing labile C-N bonds.
Tetraaza-2,2′-biphenylophanes: larger is not always more flexible. The role of intramolecular H-bonding in polyazamacrocycles
Abstract Intramolecular H-bonding can explain the trends in conformational flexibility for tetraaza-2,2′-biphenylophanes obtained by NMR and molecular dynamics calculations.
Pertosylated polyaza[n](9,10)anthracenophanes
Abstract Pertosylated polyaza[n](9,10)antracenophanes have been obtained in high yields by a modification of the Richman-Atkins methodology. Molecular Mechanics calculations as well as the crystal structure of the N,N′,N″,N‴-Tetratosyl-2,6,9,13-tetraaza[14](9,10)anthracenophane 4 derivative reveal the existence of a well defined cavity where both the aromatic moiety and the nitrogen donor atoms converge. Reduced mobility of the aliphatic chain is also observed as well as the presence of some strain at the benzylic positions.
Structural Studies on Polyaza[n]paracyclophanes. A Molecular Mechanics and Crystallographic Study
Abstract Structural analysis of polyaza[n]paracyclophanes 1-5 has been carried out by the use of molecular mechanics and other techniques. NMR data and molecular mechanics calculations show that conformations in which the polyamine chain is arching above the aromatic ring are prevalent in solution. The crystal structure of triprotonated durene derivative 2b agrees with those studies. Crystals of 3H+.2b are triclinic, space group P1, with a = 11.758(4) A, b = 13.870(5) A, c = 17.181(3) A, α = 96.66(2)°, β = 106.02(2)°, γ = 104.87(3)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.072, wR2 = 0.18. Three different conformations are present in the crystal. Good agreement between the crystal structures and calculated conformat…
Azonia spiro polyaza macrocycles containing biphenyl subunits as anion and cation receptors
Abstract The reaction of N-Boc triprotected cyclam with bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl followed by the corresponding deprotection of the nitrogen atoms allows the preparation of receptor 3 containing an azonia spiro subunit. This receptor shows slightly increased basicity than cyclam, in particular for the formation of the appropriate triply charged species as a consequence of the reduced capacity of the structure present in 3 to stabilize the species with lower protonation degrees through the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The properties of 3 as a receptor for Cu2+ and Zn2+ and the anions derived from PO 4 3 − ( Pi ) , P 2 O 7 4 − ( PPi ) , P 3 O 10 5 − ( TPP ) and ATP have been st…
Coamplexation of mercury(II) compounds by crown ethers in organic media
Complexes between crown ethers having ring sizes of 15–24 atoms and 5 to 8 oxygens with HgX2 species (X = Cl, I, CN, SCN) have been prepared and studied. Interactions of the substituents X bound to mercury with groups or fragments in the crown compound are essential in determining the characteristics and stability of the complexes formed. Complexes with crowns of 18C6 ring sizes are the most favourable except for HgX2 compounds for which the size of X is larger than the macrocycle ring, as is the case for X = CF3.
Guest-Induced Selective Functionalization of Polyaza[n]paracyclophanes
A new strategy to the preparation of selectively functionalized polyazamacrocycles is presented. Polyaza[n]paracyclophane receptors are able to efficiently direct their own selective functionalization upon interaction with simple guests such as metal cations. This enables the preparation of novel receptors functionalized at one of the benzylic nitrogen atoms with a variety of groups. Selective difunctionalization at both benzylic positions can also be achieved in this way.
Polyaza[n](1,4)naphthalenophanes and polyaza[n](9,10)anthracenophanes
Abstract A series of polyaza[n](1,4)naphthalenophanes and polyaza[n](9,10)anthracenophanes have been prepared by using the Fukuyama's protecting group (2- or 4-nitrophenyl sulfonyl) in a one-pot cyclization–deprotection reaction. Global yields for the purified products are comparable with those obtained for other polyazacyclophanes using the tosyl group as the amine protecting group. Their structural study has been carried-out by NMR showing a high rigidity for the smaller cycles and a more dynamic behaviour for the largest member of the series. The free energy barrier for the rotational equilibrium for compound 25 is about 3 kcal/mol lower than that calculated for analogous N-tosylated mac…
Polyaza[n]paracyclophanes as synthetic models of Zn containing enzymes. The role of a non coordinated nitrogen atom in the proximity of the metal
Abstract 2,6,9,13-Tetraaza[14]paracyclophane ( 3, B323 ) represents a simple model for Zn containing enzymes like HCAII which possess additional reactive groups in the proximity of the metal center. The Zn 2+ . 3 complex shows notable catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl acetate. Structural modifications of 3 which affect to the non coordinated nitrogen atom greatly modify the catalytic activity of the receptor.
Crystalline self-assembly induced by aromatic edge-to-face interactions: the crystal structure of 2,6,6,10-tetrabenzyl-2,10-diaza-6-azonia[11]paracyclophane bromide
The crystal structure of 2,6,6,10-tetrabenzyl-2,10-diaza-6-azonia[11]paracyclophane bromide reveals several intermolecular aromatic edge-to-face interactions which are important in the three-dimensional growing of the crystalline structure. Molecular dynamics and semiempirical studies indicate that the conformer found in the crystal is not the most stable in solution confirming the important role that edge-to-face interactions play in the structural arrangement found in the solid state.
Bis(imidazolium) salts derived from amino acids as receptors and transport agents for chloride anions
The binding properties of bis(imidazolium) hosts 1a–c derived from amino acids towards different anions have been studied by 1H NMR titration experiments in 95 : 05 CD3CN : H2O at 303 K, ESI-MS and theoretical calculations. Among this family, the salt 1c showed a strong and high selectivity for chloride anions. Transmembrane chloride transport activity has also been studied for the three bis(imidazolium) based transporters in POPC liposome models, and compound 1a was identified as an active chloride/nitrate exchanger.
Coordination of Cu2+ Ions to C2 Symmetric Pseudopeptides Derived from Valine
The acid-base and coordination properties of a family of pseudopeptidic ligands with C(2) symmetry derived from valine (4a-e) have been studied using a variety of techniques as a model for metal coordination in peptides and proteins. The Cu(2+) cation has been selected for coordination studies, although, for comparison, some results for Zn(2+) are also presented. Good agreement has been obtained between the results obtained by potentiometric titrations, spectroscopic analysis, and mass spectrometry (ESI) studies. These results highlight the potential for the use of ESI MS for characterizing the nature of the complex species formed. Clearly, the Cu(2+) complexes are much more stable than the…
The fischer indole synthesis of 8-methyl-5-substituted-1-oxo-β-carbolines: A remarkable high yield of a [1,2]-methyl migration.
Abstract A very unusual high yield of rearranged products (via methyl migration) has been obtained in the Fischer indole cyclization of the 3-(2,5-dimethyl phenylhydrazone) of 2,3-piperidine dione (6b). When a less activated aromatic ring is present in the phenylhydrazone 6, such a behaviour is not observed and cyclization occurs essentially without rearrangement.
New strategies in the development of polynuclear complexes. Crystal structure of the tetranuclear copper(II) complex [Cu4(L1)2(OH)4Cl2(H2O)2]2(H3O2)(ClO4)2Cl·2H2O (L1=2,5,8,11-tetraaza[12](1,4)naphthalenecyclophane)
Abstract The preparation and interaction of the new polyaza[n]naphthalenophanes 2,5,8,11-tetraaza[12](1,4)naphthalenophane (L1) and 2,6,9,13-tetraaza[14](1,4)naphthalenophane (L2) with hydrogen ions and Cu2+ is described. The crystal structure of the new tetranuclear copper(II) complex [Cu4(L1)2(OH)4Cl2(H2O)2]2(H3O2)(ClO4)2Cl·2H2O (L1=2,5,8,11-tetraaza[12](1,4)naphthalenophane) is presented and discussed. A variety of intra- and intermolecular forces contribute to the particular organisation of the crystal. The solution studies indicate the formation of similar tetranuclear species for L1 while for L2 just mononuclear 1:1 species are detected.
Dual stereocontrolled alkylation of aldehydes with polystyrene-supported nickel complexes derived from α-amino amides
Nickel(II) complexes derived from α-amino amide ligands anchored to gel-type and monolithic polymers act as efficient catalysts for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc reagents to aldehydes. Similar to the analogous homogeneous systems, dual stereocontrol in addition products can be achieved by controlling the stoichiometry of the immobilized nickel complex. Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were alkylated in good yields with enantioselectivities comparable to those obtained with the homogeneous analogues. These polymer-supported catalysts offer significant advantages as no metal leaching is observed and they can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and…
A remarkable selectivity in the N-functionalization of polyaza[n]paracyclophanes. Synthesis of N-(4-picolyl)-substituted 2,6,9,13-tetraaza[14]paracyclophanes
Abstract Interaction of cationic host species, in particular Zn 2+ salts, with polyaza[n]paracyclophanes (i.e. 2,6,9,13-Tetraaza[14]paracyclophane, B323 (1a) ) directs their selective N-functionalization. In this way compounds mono- or difunctionalized with ArCH 2− groups at the benzylic nitrogen atoms can be easily obtained. Direct reaction with the alkylating agent, in the absence of the Zn 2+ species, produces, in general, very complex mixtures of mono- and polyalkylated compounds except when 4-picolyl chloride is used. In this case, mono-, di-, tri- and tetra N-substituted derivatives of D323 can be isolated depending on the amount of the alkylating agent used. In this case, the mono- a…