Quantitative corneal anatomy in emmetropic subjects.

PURPOSE Currently there is little information available about the corneal thickness values of healthy emmetropic subjects. Therefore, the authors decided to analyze the corneal thickness in healthy emmetropic subjects. METHODS The authors analyzed the difference in thickness values between the thinnest corneal site and the central and paracentral cornea in 124 eyes of 124 healthy emmetropic white subjects. RESULTS The mean difference between the thinnest site of the cornea and the thickness values obtained in the areas analyzed was as follows: 12+/-6 microm center; 140+/-19 microm superonasal; 133+/-23 microm nasal; 117+/-26 microm inferonasal; 122+/-19 microm superotemporal ; 89+/-22 micro…

Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of thorax-pelvis covariation and its potential for predicting the thorax morphology: A case study on Kebara 2 Neandertal

The skeletal torso is a complex structure of outstanding importance in understanding human body shape evolution, but reconstruction usually entails an element of subjectivity as researchers apply their own anatomical expertise to the process. Among different fossil reconstruction methods, 3D geometric morphometric techniques have been increasingly used in the last decades. Two-block partial least squares analysis has shown great potential for predicting missing elements by exploiting the covariation between two structures (blocks) in a reference sample: one block can be predicted from the other one based on the strength of covariation between blocks. The first aim of this study is to test w…

The Retrotransverse Foramen of the Atlas Is not a Modern Anatomic Variation

Background The retrotransverse foramen (RTF) is a nonmetric variant of the atlas vertebra that consists of an abnormal accessory foramen located on the posterior root of the transverse process and it extends from the posterior root of the transverse process to the root of the posterior arch. Its presence has been related to regional variations of the venous circulation. It is currently unknown whether the RTF is a modern or an ancient anatomic variation. Case Description We analyzed the skeletal remains from the late-ancient Roman necropolis (II-VI centuries ad ) of La Boatella (Valencia, Spain) and we found a well-preserved individual skeleton that presented with a left retrotransverse for…

Congenital absence of the posterior right hemiarch.

Response to Letter to the Editor by Dr Rios and Dr Cardoso

We have read with interest the letter of Dr Rios and Dr Cardoso about our manuscript entitled “Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals, ” by Palancar et al. (2020). Here, we respond to the issues raised in the Letter to the Editor by Dr Rios and Dr Cardoso

Corneal thickness differences between sexes after oxybuprocaine eye drops.

PURPOSE We aimed to analyze the corneal thickness (CT) values of female and male subjects before and after instillation of oxybuprocaine 0.4% anesthetic eye drops. METHODS The CT of 30 female subjects and 28 male subjects was measured using scanning-slit corneal topography (Orbscan Topography System II, Orbscan, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT). Measurements were carried out before and 3 minutes after the instillation of oxybuprocaine 0.4% eye drops. RESULTS The difference between the baseline values and those obtained after anesthesia ranged as follows: male subjects: central, -26 to +24 μm; superior, -24 to +23 μm; inferior, -19 to +20 μm; nasal, -25 to +30 μm; and temporal, -21 to +20 μm; female…

Possible further evidence of low denetic diversity in the El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain) Neandertal Group: congenital clefts of the atlas

Received: June 12, 2015; Accepted: August 5, 2015; Published: September 29, 2015

NGF and TGF-beta mRNA expression during pregnancy in a rat corneal wound healing model.

Background Growth factors seem to play a major role in corneal wound healing and TGF-beta seems to be associated with abnormal healing after corneal surgical procedures. Few studies have analysed the role of NGF and TGF-beta on corneal wound healing during pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to create an animal model to evaluate the expression of NGF and TGF-betas during corneal wound healing in two groups: control and pregnant rats. Methods Corneal mRNA for NGF and the three isoforms of TGF-beta were analysed by RT-PCR, in a time-course experiment on different days after epithelial wounding (2, 7, 14 days) in pregnant and control groups Results The results show high corneal mRNA ex…

The Effect of Anesthetic Eye Drop Instillation on the Distribution of Corneal Thickness

PURPOSE To address the effect of topical instillation of oxybuprocaine on the relative distribution of corneal thickness (CT) in young healthy subjects. METHODS Prospective study involving 30 eyes of 30 emmetropic subjects (24 ± 3 years). Corneal thickness measurements were carried out before and 3 minutes after the instillation of oxybuprocaine 4% using slit-scanning corneal topography (Orbscan topography system II). No acoustic correction factor was applied. The mean of 5 consecutive Orbscan measurements was obtained at the center and 3 mm from the visual axis in the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior hemimeridians. RESULTS No significant mean differences were found at any corneal lo…

Anatomic study of the corneal thickness of young emmetropic subjects.

PURPOSE To study the corneal thickness of young emmetropic subjects. METHODS One thousand eyes of 1000 young healthy emmetropic subjects were analyzed with the Orbscan Topography System II (Orbscan, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT) from January 2001 to May 2003. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 30 years old (mean +/- SD = 27.12 +/- 2.86). The mean of 5 consecutive measurements of the corneal thickness in the center of the cornea and at temporal, superotemporal, inferotemporal, nasal, inferonasal, and superonasal cornea were recorded. RESULTS The corneal thickness at the following areas ranged as follows: 518 to 589 microm center; 603 to 678 microm nasal; 620 to 689 microm superonasal; 600 …

Cortical bone thickening in Type A posterior atlas arch defects: experimental report.

Abstract Background Context To date, no information about the cortical bone microstructural properties in atlas vertebrae with posterior arch defects has been reported. Purpose To test if there is an increased cortical bone thickening in atlases with Type A posterior atlas arch defects in an experimental model. Study Design Micro-computed tomography (CT) study on cadaveric atlas vertebrae. Methods We analyzed the cortical bone thickness, the cortical volume, and the medullary volume (SkyScan 1172 Bruker micro-CT NV, Kontich, Belgium) in cadaveric dry vertebrae with a Type A atlas arch defect and normal control vertebrae. Results The micro-CT study revealed significant differences in cortica…

Corneal thickness differences between type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes subjects during preoperative laser surgery examination

Aims To evaluate the differences in corneal thickness between type 2 diabetes subjects with HbA1c under 7.0% and non-diabetes subjects during their preoperative laser surgery examinations. Methods The mean of five consecutive corneal thickness measurements at the central and mid-peripheral cornea was obtained by means of noncontact scanning-slit corneal topography (Orbscan Topography System II; Orbscan, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) in 35 myopic non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes subjects (17 males and 18 females) and 48 healthy myopic controls (23 males and 25 females). Results The corneal thickness values at the central and mid-peripheral cornea were significantly higher in the diabet…

Quantitative anatomical differences in central corneal thickness values determined with scanning-slit corneal topography and noncontact specular microscopy.

PURPOSE This study was designed to analyze the differences in central corneal thickness values determined with noncontact specular microscopy and scanning-slit corneal topography. The measurements were performed on the same eye. METHODS We analyzed the central corneal thickness values of 93 patients (n = 93) by means of noncontact specular microscopy (Topcon SP-2000P noncontact specular microscope, Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and scanning-slit corneal topography (Orbscan Topography System II, Orbscan Inc., Salt Lake City, UT). One experienced physician performed 3 consecutive central corneal thickness measurements with both devices. RESULTS The central corneal thickness values obtained by m…

Association between ribs shape and pulmonary function in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Graphical abstract

Prevalence of anatomic variations of the atlas vertebra

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT The retrotransverse foramen (RTF), arcuate foramen (AF), unclosed transverse foramen (UTF) and posterior atlas arch defects (PAAD) are anatomic variations of the atlas vertebra that surgeons must be aware of before spine surgery is performed. PURPOSE To analyze the prevalence of the AF, RTF, UTF, and PAAD. STUDY DESIGN Ex-vivo anatomical study. PATIENT SAMPLE Two hundred eighteen atlas vertebrae obtained from 100 Caucasian subjects and 118 sub-Saharan African subjects (48 Sotho subjects, 35 Xhosa subjects and 35 Zulu subjects). METHODS We studied 218 atlas vertebrae from skeletons of the Raymond A. Dart Collection in order to analyze the prevalence of AF, RTF, UT…

3D geometric morphometric analysis of variation in the human lumbar spine

[Objectives]: The shape of the human lumbar spine is considered to be a consequence of erect posture. In addition, several other factors such as sexual dimorphism and variation in genetic backgrounds also influence lumbar vertebral morphology. Here we use 3D geometric morphometrics (GM) to analyze the 3D morphology of the lumbar spine in different human populations, exploring those potential causes of variation.

Congenital failure of midline fusion of the posterior atlas arch with an associated unilateral cleft.

Atlases with Arcuate Foramen Present Cortical Bone Thickening That May Contribute to Lower Fracture Risk.

To date, no information about the cortical bone microstructural properties in atlas vertebrae with arcuate foramen has been reported. As a result, we aimed to test in an experimental model if there is a cortical bone thickening in an atlas vertebra which has an arcuate foramen that may play a protective role against bone fracture.We analyzed by means of micro-computed tomography the cortical bone thickness, the cortical volume, and the medullary volume (SkyScan 1172 Bruker micro-CT NV, Kontich, Belgium) in cadaveric dry atlas vertebrae with arcuate foramen and without arcuate foramen. We also reviewed a case series of 31 posterior atlas arch fractures to correlate the possible presence in t…

The torso integration hypothesis revisited in Homo sapiens: Contributions to the understanding of hominin body shape evolution.

Objectives: Lower thoracic widths and curvatures track upper pelvic widths and iliac blades curvatures in hominins and other primates (torso integration hypothesis). However, recent studies suggest that sexual dimorphism could challenge this assumption in Homo sapiens. We test the torso integration hypothesis in two modern human populations, both considering and excluding the effect of sexual dimorphism. We further assess covariation patterns between different thoracic and pelvic levels, and we explore the allometric effects on torso shape variation. Material and Methods: A sex-balanced sample of 50 anatomically connected torsos (25 Mediterraneans, 25 Sub-Saharan Africans) was segmented fro…

Quantitative corneal anatomy: evaluation of the effect of diabetes duration on the endothelial cell density and corneal thickness.

Purpose To evaluate the differences in endothelial cell density (ECD) and central corneal thickness (CCT) between type II diabetic patients and age-matched healthy controls, and determine the impact of time from diagnosis. Methods This is a comparative study of 77 eyes of type II diabetic patients (33 males, 44 females) and 80 eyes of healthy subjects (42 males, and 38 females) whose ages ranged from 38 to 56 years. CCT, ECD, HbA1c levels, and Goldmann tonometry were measured. Results The CCT was significantly higher and the ECD significantly lower in long-term diabetic patients (10 years + since diagnosis) when compared with short-term diabetic patients (<1 year since diagnosis) and contro…

Possible Clinical Implications of Geographic Differences in Prevalence of Double Transverse Foramen

The double transverse foramen (DBLTF) is a cervical spine anatomic variant. Current literature has presented prevalence values of DBLTF in Caucasian Mediterranean subjects that seem to be higher than those observed in other samples of subjects. Therefore we aimed to test if Caucasian Mediterranean subjects present a higher prevalence of the DBLTF than sub-Saharan African subjects.We analyzed the presence of DBLTF in cervical spines of 100 skeletons from Caucasian Mediterranean subjects and 91 skeletons from sub-Saharan African subjects, resulting in a total of 1337 cervical vertebrae having been studied.No DBLTF was found in vertebrae C1, C2, and C3. The pattern of prevalence observed in al…

The relationship between central corneal thickness and Goldmann applanation tonometry

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Goldmann applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness in a large sample of healthy eyes.Five hundred eyes of 500 subjects (253 women, 50.6 per cent and 247 men, 49.4 per cent) were analysed in a prospective healthy population study. Mean age of the sample was 31 +/- 8 years. Goldmann applanation tonometry was carried out by one physician. Tonometric values were the mean of three consecutive readings. Subsequently, another physician carried out ultrasonic pachymetry with the DGH 2000 AP ultrasonic pachymeter (DGH Technology Inc, San Diego, USA). Ten measurements were made at the centre of the cornea of each eye. The low…

Atlantoaxial subluxation and congenital atlas arch defect

Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals

The first cervical vertebra, atlas, and its anatomical variants have been widely studied in Homo sapiens. However, in Neanderthals, the presence of anatomical variants of the atlas has been very little studied until very recently. Only the Neanderthal group from the El Sidrón site (Spain) has been analysed with regard to the anatomical variants of the atlas. A high prevalence of anatomical variants has been described in this sample, which points to low genetic diversity in this Neanderthal group. Even so, the high prevalence of anatomical variations detected in El Sidrón Neanderthal atlases needs to be confirmed by analysing more Neanderthal remains. In this context, we analysed the possibl…

Double Retrotransverse Foramen of Atlas (C1)

Background The retrotransverse foramen is a nonmetric variant of C1 that consists of an abnormal accessory foramen on the posterior root of the transverse process. Case Description During a study on the prevalence of the retrotransverse foramen in 150 dry C1 vertebrae, we observed an exceptional C1 (0.67%) with a right double retrotransverse foramen of the 14 C1 vertebrae (9.3%). This has not been reported previously in the literature. No osteogenic reaction and no degenerative signs were observed in this C1 with the double retrotransverse foramen. Conclusions Neurosurgeons should be aware of the possible presence of the “conventional” retrotransverse foramen and the “exceptional” double re…

Inter-observer variability of central corneal thickness measurements using non-contact specular microscopy after laser in situ keratomileusis.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-observer variability of central corneal thickness measurements carried out with a non-contact specular microscope in patients who had undergone myopic laser in situ keratomileusis. METHODS Twenty-six eyes of 26 subjects who had undergone myopic laser in situ keratomileusis were studied with the Topcon SP-2000P non-contact specular microscope (Topcon Corp, Tokyo, Japan). The mean of three consecutive measurements of the central corneal thickness was recorded by two investigators prior to and one month after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis. Results obtained by each of the two physicians were compared. RESULTS Prior to surgery t…

Difficulties in distinguishing between an atlas fracture and a congenital posterior atlas arch defect in postmortem analysis.

We found one atlas from a sample of 148 skeletons (0.67%) that presented different anatomical variations which made it difficult to determine whether the vertebra had an atlas fracture, an unusual Type B posterior atlas arch defect, or a combination of both. We carried out a stereomicroscopy, radiographic, and computerized tomography scan study that revealed that the dry atlas we found presented a very uncommon congenital Type B posterior atlas arch defect, simulating a fracture. In short, the present paper has revealed that differentiating Type B posterior atlas arch defects from fractures in post-mortem dry vertebrae is more difficult than expected. Thus we believe that it can be easier t…

Differences in Corneal Anatomy in a Pair of Monozygotic Twins Due to Continuous Contact Lens Wear

Purpose To study the differences in the corneal anatomy in a pair of 31-year-old monozygotic female twins, one of whom has been a contact lens wearer for the past 15 years and the other is a nonwearer. Methods We analyzed the corneal thickness and the corneal endothelial cell density of the monozygotic twins and of two age-matched control groups, one made up of non-contact lens wearers (35 eyes of 35 patients; mean age, 29.32 +/- 2.83 years) and the other made up of soft contact lens wearers (30 eyes of 30 patients; mean age, 33.08 +/- 3.72 years; mean duration of contact lens use, 10.62 +/- 4.32 years). Five corneal thickness measurements were carried out with the Orbscan Topography System…

Orbscan Pachymetry: Differences between observers when carrying out measurements of the corneal thickness

espanolObjetivo: Estudiar el espesor corneal y la variabilidad entre observadores de las mediciones del espesor corneal empleando paquimetria Orbscan. Metodos: Analizamos el espesor corneal central y paracentral de 30 sujetos (n=30) cuya edad oscilaba entre 19 y 38 anos (media 27,27 D.E. 5,25) con el Sistema Topografico Orbscan II (Orbscan, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA). La media de cinco mediciones consecutivas del espesor corneal fue obtenida por dos diferentes observadores. Los resultados obtenidos por los dos observadores se compararon. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores medios del espesor corneal de los observadores en la cornea central (p=0,749…

Can the transverse foramen/vertebral artery ratio of double transverse foramen subjects be a risk for vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks?

The C6 is the cervical vertebra into which the vertebral artery enters the passage of the transverse foramen and it is the vertebra most affected by double transverse foramina. There is currently little information about the relation between the vertebral artery and the double transverse foramen in C6. We aimed to test whether subjects with a double transverse foramen in C6 have a reduced transverse foramen/vertebral artery ratio when compared with normal anatomy subjects who possess a single transverse foramen which may be a risk for transient vertebral artery stenosis. We measured the area of the transverse foramen and the vertebral artery in 27 double transverse and 56 normal anatomy sub…

Corneal Thickness Response after Anesthetic Eye Drops: Our Own Results and Meta-Analysis.

We aimed to test if there are different patterns in the central corneal thickness (CCT) response after instilling oxybuprocaine anesthetic eye drops and also to determine whether there is a significant change in the CCT. CCT was measured in 60 eyes of 60 healthy subjects before and during the hour after oxybuprocaine 0.4% eye drops were instilled. In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in order to answer the following PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) question: What effect do anesthetic eye drops have on CCT values? We found no significant changes in the mean CCT values during the hour’s observation (ANOVA, p=0.209), and the meta-analysis rev…

Anatomic variation of the vertebral artery

Shape change in the atlas with congenital midline non-union of its posterior arch: a morphometric geometric study.

Background Context The congenital midline non-union of the posterior arch of the atlas is a developmental variant present at a frequency ranging from 0.7% to 3.9%. Most of the reported cases correspond to incidental findings during routine medical examination. In cases of posterior non-union, hypertrophy of the anterior arch and cortical bone thickening of the posterior arches have been observed and interpreted as adaptive responses of the atlas to increased mechanical stress. Purpose We sought to determine if the congenital non-union of the posterior arch results in a change in the shape of the atlas. Study Design/Setting This study is an analysis of the first cervical vertebrae from osteo…

Congenital cervical vertebrae clefts in Klippel-Feil syndrome

Goldmann Tonometry After Hyperopic Laser In Situ Keratomileusis

PURPOSE To identify differences in applanation tonometry between retreated and nonretreated eyes (primary LASIK eyes) 6 months after hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis. METHODS In a prospective study 100 eyes (100 patients) underwent conventional hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis under a 160-microm flap. Central Goldmann applanation tonometry was determined before and 6 months after surgery in 78 (78%) primary LASIK eyes and before surgery and 6 months after the retreatment date in 22 (22%) retreated eyes. RESULTS Preoperative mean tonometry was 14.96 +/- 1.96 mm Hg and 15.30 +/- 1.95 mm Hg in primary LASIK and retreated eyes, respectively. Six months after surgery it was 12.99 +/-…

Reduced corneal thickness values in postmenopausal women with dry eye.

To study and compare the corneal thickness values of postmenopausal women with dry eye and postmenopausal women without dry eye.The corneal thickness value of 30 postmenopausal women with dry eye (dry eye group; aged 52 to 55 years) and 32 postmenopausal women without dry eye (normal group; aged 51 to 55 years) was analyzed with the Orbscan Topography System II. Each woman underwent a tear breakup test, the Schirmer test, fluorescein staining of the cornea, and an analysis of the meibomian gland by slit lamp before corneal thickness measurement. The statistical analysis was performed by means of the unpaired Student t test.The mean corneal thickness value was significantly decreased in post…

Quantitative Anatomical Studies

This special issue of this journal highlights new developments mainly in the field of quantification of the data of anatomical studies. In this special issue, we reviewed and edited seventeen articles from broad ranges of anatomical studies. N. Utkualp and I. Ercan reviewed anthropometric measurement usage in medical sciences from Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations to those from modern medicine. They also stressed contributions of the well-known scientists to recent diagnostic methods. S. Liao et al. studied the fundamental problem of automatically segmenting teeth in dental mesh models into individual tooth objects and they built a novel dental-targeted harmonic field, which …

Geometric Morphometric Studies in the Human Spine

This chapter overviews the theoretical basics of geometric morphometrics (GM) and reviews its potential for the study of hominin vertebrae and vertebral columns. We show that challenges are related to seriality and the metameric nature of the spine. Measuring a series of vertebrae is a time-consuming process because the necessary sample sizes need to be multiplied by the number of vertebrae composing the spine or its anatomical parts. This is particularly true when measuring 3D semilandmarks of curves and surfaces in virtual anthropology. The lack of independence among vertebral series of a skeleton and the complex conceptual relation between the shape of vertebrae (parts) and the effect of…

In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics: Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins

The human ribcage expands and contracts during respiration as a result of the interaction between the morphology of the ribs, the costo-vertebral articulations and respiratory muscles. Variations in these factors are said to produce differences in the kinematics of the upper thorax and the lower thorax, but the extent and nature of any such differences and their functional implications have not yet been quantified. Applying geometric morphometrics we measured 402 three-dimensional (3D) landmarks and semilandmarks of 3D models built from computed tomographic scans of thoraces of 20 healthy adult subjects in maximal forced inspiration (FI) and expiration (FE). We addressed the hypothesis that…

Gonial angle growth patterns according to age and gender

Currently there are controversial results about gender and age differences in human gonial angle values. In this context we aimed to ascertain the gender and age differences in the gonial angle values of young Caucasian Mediterranean subjects. We tested the hypothesis of a relation between the gonial angle values and the gender and age of the subjects by means of a prospective study involving 266 subjects. Panoramic radiographs (Cranex Novus®, XMIND Novus® Soredex, France) were carried out in order to measure the gonial angle values. We found significant differences between females and males in the subgroups aged ≤10years old (128.6±3.4 vs 126.8±4.5, p=0.017), 16-20 years old (119.1±5.6 vs …

Analysis of the relationship between the double transverse foramen and the possibility of developing clinical symptoms after whiplash

Introduction: Currently there is no information about the possibility of developing clinical symptoms after whiplash in double transverse foramen subjects. Our aim was to test whether subjects with double transverse foramen have an increased risk of presenting with acute headache, dizziness, vertebral artery dissection, and vomiting after whiplash. Methods: We recorded the absence/presence of double transverse foramen, and the absence/presence of neck pain, acute headache, dizziness, vertebral artery dissection, and vomiting in 85 patients who had suffered whiplash injuries in car rear-end impacts in road traffic accidents. We used the odds ratio test to determine whether double transverse …

The Decreasing Prevalence of the Arcuate Foramen

[Background]: The arcuate foramen (AF), or ponticulus posticus, is an anatomic variant of the first cervical vertebra that consists of a complete or partial osseous bridge over the groove for the vertebral artery and extends from the posterior aspect of the superior articular facet to the superior lateral border of the posterior arch. The AF has been associated with clinical symptoms, such as headache, migraine, neck pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, and vertebral artery dissection. We aimed to test whether the prevalence of the AF has decreased in the modern human population over the past centuries as a result of reduction in inbreeding and endogamy.

Unexpected Persistent Dentocentral Synchondrosis of C2.

Background The persistence of synchondrosis in adulthood can confound diagnostic decisions made during patient management. Case Description A 59-year-old woman who presented neck pain, acute headache, and acute cervical myelopathy symptoms after suffering whiplash grade 3 in a car rear-end impact underwent a conventional radiologic study that revealed no fracture and no anatomic spine variations. The magnetic resonance imaging study revealed no spinal cord intensity signal changes, but it showed a persistent (remnant) dentocentral synchondrosis that was undetected in a previous conventional radiographic evaluation. Conclusions The localization and level of the remnant of the dentocentral sy…

Relationship Between Visual Field Sensitivity and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measured by Scanning Laser Polarimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography in Normal, Ocular Hypertensive and Glaucomatous Eyes

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between automated achromatic perimetry (AAP) and the output of two retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysers: scanning laser polarimetry (GDx-VCC) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Quantitative RNFL measurements with GDx-VCC and Stratus-OCT were obtained in one eye from 52 healthy subjects, 38 ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients and 94 glaucomatous patients. All patients underwent a complete examination, including AAP using the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA). The relationship between RNFL measurements and SITA visual field global indices were assessed by means of the following methods: analysis of variance, bivariate Pearso…

Assessing thoraco-pelvic covariation in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes: A 3D geometric morphometric approach

[Objectives]: Understanding thoraco-pelvic integration in Homo sapiens and their closest living relatives (genus Pan) is of great importance within the context of human body shape evolution. However, studies assessing thoraco-pelvic covariation across Hominoidea species are scarce, although recent research would suggest shared covariation patterns in humans and chimpanzees but also species-specific features, with sexual dimorphism and allometry influencing thoraco-pelvic covariation in these taxa differently.