Bis(hydroxyphenyl)methane-bisphenol F-metabolism by the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line and cryopreserved human hepatocytes

author cannot archive publisher's version/PDF; International audience; Bisphenol F (BPF) is present in the environment and as a contaminant of food. Humans may, therefore, be exposed to BPF, and an assessment of this risk is required. BPF has been shown to have genotoxic and endocrine-disruptor properties in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2), which is a model system for studies of xenobiotic toxicity. In this study, we investigated the ability of HepG2 cells to biotransform BPF, because metabolism may affect the observed effects of BPF, and we compared this metabolic capacity with that of human hepatocytes. Cells were incubated for 24 hours with [(3)H]-BPF. The culture medium was then conc…

Salivary protein profiles and sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine.

WOS: 000298381900008; International audience; The interindividual variation in the sensitivity to bitterness is attributed in part to genetic polymorphism at the taste receptor level, but other factors, such as saliva composition, might be involved. In order to investigate this, 2 groups of subjects (hyposensitive, hypersensitive) were selected from 29 healthy male volunteers based on their detection thresholds for caffeine, and their salivary proteome composition was compared. Abundance of 26 of the 255 spots detected on saliva electrophoretic patterns was significantly different between hypo- and hypersensitive subjects. Saliva of hypersensitive subjects contained higher levels of amylase…

Use of HepG2 cell line for direct or indirect mutagens screening: comparative investigation between comet and micronucleus assays.

International audience; In the present study, DNA-damage and clastogenic or aneugenic effects of genotoxic compounds were examined in a metabolically competent human cell line (HepG2 cells) using the micronucleus and the comet assays. Compounds with various action mechanisms were tested: direct mutagens such as 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and indirect mutagens requiring biotransformation to be active such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). The compounds were first tested for cytotoxicity by measuring their effects on RNA synthesis inhibition in HepG2 cells. 4-NQO, B[a]P and 2-AAF were the most po…

Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy reviewed

A declaration of conformity according to European regulation No. 10/2011 is required to ensure the safety of plastic materials in contact with foodstuffs. This regulation established a positive list of substances that are authorized for use in plastic materials. Some compounds are subject to restrictions and/or specifications according to their toxicological data. Despite this, the analysis of PET reveals some non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) produced by authorized initial reactants and additives. Genotoxic and estrogenic activities in PET-bottled water have been reported. Chemical mixtures in bottled water have been suggested as the source of these toxicological effects. Furthermo…

Etudes des échanges de molécules entre le bois et son contenu

Transferts de matière au travers des emballages au contact de produits alimentaires

Le point sur des recherches dans le domaine des transferts de matière au travers des emballages : impact sur la qualité du produit, causes de ces transferts.

Evaluation of anti-androgenic activity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

International audience; DEHP is a widely used platiciser in the manufacture of PVC-based materials. It is known to disrupt the reproductive tract development in male rats. We have performed the Hershberger assay with DEHP on an immature castrated rat model to check if DEHP antagonise the testosterone propionate androgenic effect on the accessory sex organs development. DEHP significantly decreased the BC/LA muscles, the prostate, and the seminal vesicles relative weights from 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. DEHP increased the liver relative weight from 100 mg/kg bw/day. A study was also performed on MDA-MB453 cell line stably transfected with pMMTVneo-Luc with DEHP and its maj…

Identification of genotoxic and endocrine disruption activities of 4,4’-dihydroxydiphenyl-methane (BPF) and its metabolites using human cell lines

Chronic exposure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces an obesogenic effect in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet

IF 3.582; International audience; Contaminant involvement in the pathophysiology of obesity is widely recognized. It has been shown that low dose and chronic exposure to endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) potentiated diet- induced obesity. High and acute exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and an EDC with anti-estrogenic property, causes wasting syndrome . However at lower doses, the TCDD metabolic effects remain poorly understood. We investigated the obesogenic effect during chronic exposure of TCDD at 1μg/kg body weight (bw)/week in adult C57BL/6J mice fed with a high fat diet (HFD) and exposed from 10 to 42 weeks old to TCDD or e…

Steroid activities comparison of natural and food wrap compounds in human breast cancer cell lines

Abstract In this study, we tested and compared the endocrine disruption activities of compounds in materials used to package foods (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol A diglycidylether BADGE) with natural molecules (genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and tangeretin) in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER + ) and MDA-MB453 (AR + ; GR + ). Octylphenol was also chosen as a xenoestrogen reference. Two compounds had no estrogenic activity: BADGE and tangeretin. Genistein was the most active compound in the E-Screen assay with MCF-7, followed by octylphenol, bisphenol F, bisphenol A and apigenin, with kaempferol the least potent. All estrogenic compounds competed with 17β-estradiol fo…

Etude du métabolisme in vitro du bisphénol F

BPA, an Energy Balance Disruptor

International audience; Bisphenol A (BPA) is used extensively in the world and is present in a diverse range of manufactured articles including dental resins, polycarbonate plastics, and the inner coating of food cans. It is a high volume chemical, with global production at 3.6 × 109 kg per year. BPA was identified as a high priority for assessment of human health risk because it was considered to present greatest potential for human exposure. Most studies of the health effects of BPA have focused on endocrine disruption leading to reproductive toxicity, but it displays additional side effects, including liver damage, disrupted pancreatic β-cell function, thyroid hormone disruption, and obe…

Effects of endocrine disruptors on genes associated with 17 beta-estradiol metabolism and excretion

International audience; In order to provide a global analysis of the effects of endocrine disruptors on the hormone cellular bioavailability, we combined 17 beta-estradiol (E2) cellular flow studies with real-time PCR and Western blot expression measurements of genes involved in the hormone metabolism and excretion. Three endocrine disruptors commonly found in food were chosen for this study, which was conducted in the estrogen receptor (ER) negative hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line: bisphenol A (BPA), genistein (GEN) and resveratrol (RES). We showed that 24h after a single dose treatment with genistein, resveratrol or bisphenol A, the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (the mult…

Effects of estradiol on TCDD-induced oxidative stress in liver cells

CIME: An integrative and multidisciplinary PNR-PE project on Chronic Impact of ED Mixture Exposure at environmental low doses on Reproduction, Development and Behavior

CIME: An integrative and multidisciplinary PNR-PE project on Chronic Impact of ED Mixture Exposure at environmental low doses on Reproduction, Development and Behavior. Colloque PNR-PE

ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Compounds and Toxicological Assessments of Drinking Water Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles: A Source of Controversy Reviewed

A declaration of conformity according to European regulation No. 10/2011 is required to ensure the safety of plastic materials in contact with foodstuffs. This regulation established a positive list of substances that are authorized for use in plastic materials. Some compounds are subject to restrictions and/or specifications according to their toxicological data. Despite this, the analysis of PET reveals some non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) produced by authorized initial reactants and additives. Genotoxic and estrogenic activities in PET-bottled water have been reported. Chemical mixtures in bottled water have been suggested as the source of these toxicological effects. Furthermo…

Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines.

International audience; Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most widely used across the world; they are commercialized in different formulations. Their residues are frequent pollutants in the environment. In addition, these herbicides are spread on most eaten transgenic plants, modified to tolerate high levels of these compounds in their cells. Up to 400 ppm of their residues are accepted in some feed. We exposed human liver HepG2 cells, a well-known model to study xenobiotic toxicity, to four different formulations and to glyphosate, which is usually tested alone in chronic in vivo regulatory studies. We measured cytotoxicity with three assays (Alamar Blue (R), MTT ToxiLight (R)), plus gen…

Transgenerational effects on intestinal inflammation status in mice perinatally exposed to bisphenol S

International audience; Increasing evidence has highlighted the critical role of early life environment in shaping the future health outcomes of individuals in subsequent generations. Bisphenol S (BPS) has been widely used as a substitute for various plastic materials due to the limited application of Bisphenol A (BPA) which is an endocrine disruptor. However, the lack of efficient evaluation of BPS leaves doubts about the relevant substitute of BPA. Few studies of transgenerational inheritance have examined the effects of environmental exposures to endocrine disruptors on the immune system. In this study, we analyzed the transgenerational effects of BPS on intestinal inflammation and its c…

Multigenerational study of the obesogen effects of bisphenol S after a perinatal exposure in C57BL6/J mice fed a high fat diet.

International audience; Background : Bisphenol S is an endocrine disruptor exhibiting metabolic disturbances, especially following perinatal exposures. To date, no data are available on the obesogen effects of BPS in a mutligenerational issue.Objectives : We investigated obesogen effects of BPS in a multigenerational study by focusing on body weight, adipose tissue and plasma parameters in male and female mice.Methods : Pregnant C57BL6/J mice were exposed to BPS (1.5 μg/kg bw/day ie a human equivalent dose of 0.12 μg/kg bw/day) by drinking water from gestational day 0 to post natal day 21. All offsprings were fed with a high fat diet during 15 weeks. Body weight was monitored weekly and fat…

Le BPS, une bonne alternative au BPA ? Effets métaboliques du BPA et du BPS dans les hépatocytes et les adipocytes - Projet MELBA -

National audience

Use of reliable bioassays to detect potential hazard of food contact materials extracts to ensure quality, safety and innovation of paperboards

International audience; Food contact materials (FCM) represent a major economic issue and also an important field of innovation for packaging industries. Food packaging production must currently meet manufacturing good practices, safety for human health and thus be in compliance with the article 3 of the European Regulation 1935/2004: “Material and articles in contact with food do not transfer substances in amounts which could endanger human health…”.

Endocrine disruptors found in food modulate estradiol cellular metabolism

Disposition and metabolic profiling of bisphénol F in pregnant and non pregnant rat

An integrative and multidisciplinary PNR-PE project for studying Chronic Impact of ED Mixture Exposures at environmental low doses on reproduction, development and behavior.

National audience

Estrogenic activity and metabolism of N-butyl benzyl phtalate in vitro : identification of the active molecule(s)

International audience

EU régulations and general principles

International audience; This engineering book brings together two of the key strands in food packaging: active packaging and natural, often biobased, components. The text investigates the chemistry, effects and technical incorporation of bioactives into different forms of packaging. Specifically, chapters focus on techniques for impregnating natural substances into conventional and biodegradable food packaging materials with an emphasis on their antioxidant and antimicrobial functions. Oxygen scavengers, plant extracts, essential oils, enzymes, phytochemicals, polysaccharides are investigated. Chapters discuss how bioactives are combined with packaging to suppress microbes and improve the q…

Uridine uptake inhibition as a cytotoxicity test for a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 cells): comparison with the neutral red assay

International audience; This study describes a sensitive microassay for measuring cytotoxicity based on the degree of inhibition of RNA synthesis in HepG2 cells. RNA synthesis is measured by the kinetic uptake of radiolabeled uridine. A large number of compounds were tested in a wide range of concentrations. The concentration required to induce 50% inhibition of HepG2 uridine uptake rates (IC50) was determined for each compound and used to rank its potency. These IC50s were compared with IC50s measured with the neutral red assay. 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene and methylnitrosourea were not cytotoxic in the neutral red assay. Uridine uptake was always inhibited at lower concentrations…

Reliable bioassays to detect potential hazard of paperboard food contact material extracts

Food contact materials (FCM) represent a major economic issue and a large field of innovation. Food packaging production must be in compliance with the European Regulation 1935/2004: the third article specifies that FCM must not transfer their constituents to food in quantities which could endanger human health under normal or foreseeable conditions of use. Indeed, these materials are not inert and, in addition to started substances, Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) are able to be released into the food. NIAS can be contaminants from recycled materials, impurities, synthetic residues, new substances formed along the packaging production chain… Then, NIAS could represent a larget pa…

Effects of Bisphenol A and its substitutes on the proliferation and differentiation in Caco-2 intestine cell model: MELBA project.

National audience

In-mouth mechanisms leading to flavor release and perception.

Review; International audience; During eating, foods are submitted to two main oral processeschewing, including biting and crushing with teeth, and progressive impregnation by saliva resulting in the formation of a cohesive bolus and swallowing of the bolus. Texture influences the chewing behavior, including mastication and salivation, and in turn, these parameters influence texture perception and bolus formation. During this complex mouth process, flavor compounds are progressively released from the food matrix. This phenomenon is mainly dependent on the food texture, the composition and in-mouth breakdown, and on saliva impregnation and activity, but an individual's anatomical and physiol…

Major sulfation pathway for resveratrol metabolism in human hepatic derived cells and resveratrol –dependent inducibility of conjugating enzymes. Perspective in nutritional prevention

FITNESS, première plateforme européenne sur l’emballage et le conditionnement des aliments

National audience; FITNESS (2017-2020) est un projet financé dans le cadre du programme européen Erasmus+. Le but de ce projet est de mettre en place une plateforme virtuelle proposant librement des contenus interactifs (présentations, guides, quizz, webinaires, outils de calcul) en lien avec l’emballage alimentaire et les problématiques de conditionnement des aliments. L’objectif est d’offrir un contenu permettant de comprendre les principes et les enjeux (modules de base), et d’apprendre des techniques plus avancées permettant de maîtriser les impacts ou la sécurité sanitaires des matériaux utilisés (modules avancés). La plateforme s’adresse aussi bien aux étudiants, enseignants et profes…

Effects of genistein, vinclozolin and BPA on the proliferation and differentiation of a human salivary cell line – CIME project

Effects of genistein, vinclozolin and BPA on the proliferation and differentiation of a human salivary cell line – CIME project. Colloque PNR-PE

In vitro hazard assessment of nanoparticles developed for biomedical applications

Nanotechnology is a growing sector in industry for twenty years and nanomaterials are currently used in numerous industrials applications. Their interest is based on their dimensions and their shape that give them very particular technological and biological properties. However, the development of these nanoparticles, their industrial preparation and integration into various products already involve an initial increased of human exposure (via inhalation, percutaneous and oral route). Another exposure pathway exists and is represented by drug injections. The risks associated with these new technologies and new products are still unclear. After a characterization step (zeta potential, TEM, TG…

Extraction d'éléments traces métalliques à partir de pains libanais et évaluation du danger de ces mélanges

Parmi les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) qui peuvent être présents dans les aliments, certains sont connus comme étant toxiques et doivent faire l’objet d’une surveillance accrue. En ce qui concerne la sécurité sanitaire, il semble pertinent d’étudier le cas du pain, qui représente une part majoritaire de la ration journalière de la population libanaise. Dans une étude précédente, l’Institut de Recherche sur l’Agriculture Libanaise (IRAL) a déterminé la présence de plusieurs ETM (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chrome, mercure, nickel et plomb) dans le pain libanais. Bien que la toxicité de chaque ETM soit connue individuellement, il est important de tester la toxicité de ce mélange d’ETM, pré…

Salivary proteome and sensitivity to bitterness

Among the various factors that dictate food choices, the sensorial acceptability and the in-mouth perception of food are essential. For example, bitterness is partly responsible for the rejection of some vegetables by some consumers. In this study, the aim is to evaluate if the salivary environment of an individual plays a role in his sensitivity to bitter taste

Metabolism of N-butyl benzyl phtalate in the female wistar rat. Identification of new metabolites

International audience

Genotoxic and endocrine activities of bis(hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F) and its derivatives in the HepG2 cell line

International audience; Human can be exposed to bis(hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F or BPF) and its derivatives as environment and food's contaminants. This study was investigated to identify and to compare toxic potency of BPF, BFDGE, and two of BPF metabolites using in vitro methods. BPF did not induce any genic mutation in bacteria when the Ames test was performed according to the OECD guideline. In contrast, using Human cell lines and Comet assay, we demonstrated that BPF and Bisphenol F Diglycidyl Ether (BFDGE) were effective on HepG2 cell DNA fragmentation at non-cytotoxic concentrations. DHB was also positive but at higher concentrations, near its limit of solubility. Neither BPF,…

Endocrine disruptors found in food modulate estradiol cellular metabolism

Major sulfation pathway for resveratrol metabolism in human hepatic derived cells and resveratrol –dependent inducibility of conjugating enzymes. Perspective in nutritional prevention

Caffeine increases the expression of cystatin SN in human submandibular acinar-like HSG cells

The study aimed at evaluating in vitro the effect of caffeine on expression of cystatin SN, a potential marker of sensitivity to bitterness in humans.Differentiation of human submandibular gland (HSG) cells was induced by culturing cells on Matrigel. Caffeine cytotoxicity was assessed over 3 days by the Resazurin test. Finally, effects of 5, 50 and 100μM caffeine exposure on cystatin SN expression were explored over 3 days by ELISA.At concentrations relevant to human adult plasma levels (5, 50 and 100μM), caffeine did not affect cell viability whether cells were differentiated or not. Cystatin SN levels were overall higher in differentiated cells and increased with time in both conditions. …

The autoradiographic test for unscheduled DNA synthesis: a sensitive assay for the detection of DNA repair in the HepG2 cell line

International audience; We assessed the DNA-repair capacity of HepG2 cells, which were derived from a human hepatoma, by the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, using the autoradiography protocol (UDS-AR). We evaluated DNA repair following exposure to direct mutagens (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)), to mutagens requiring metabolic activation (benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), N-dimethylnitrosoamine (NDMA)) or to structurally related non-mutagens such as pyrene and 4-acetylaminofluorene (4-AAF). All positive compounds tested induced UDS in HepG2 cells. With 4-NQO and MMS, a concentration-dependent increase in net nuclear grains per cell was…

Sensitivity to bitterness: may in-mouth proteolysis be involved?

Sensitivity to bitterness: may in-mouth proteolysis be involved?. 9. Pangborn sensory science symposium

Obesogen effect of bisphenol S alters mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiling in male mouse liver

International audience; Environmental pollution is increasingly considered an important factor involved in the obesity incidence. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are important actors in the concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease), where epigenetic mechanisms play crucial roles. Bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer used in the manufacture of plastics and resins is one of the most studied obesogenic endocrine disruptor. Bisphenol S (BPS), a BPA substitute, has the same obesogenic properties, acting at low doses with a sex-specific effect following perinatal exposure. Since the liver is a major organ in regulating body lipid homeostasis, we investigated gene expression and DNA methyl…

Principes généraux d'évaluation/gestion du risque des matériaux au contact des denrées alimentaires

International audience; Les matériaux au contact des denrées alimentaires (MCDA) jouent un rôle incontournable en matière de conservation et de protection des aliments. Cependant, des substances de l'emballage (monomères, additifs) peuvent migrer dans les aliments. Ainsi, pour être aptes au contact alimentaire, les MCDA ne doivent pas libérer des substances en une quantité qui pourrait mettre en danger la santé humaine ou modifier les caractères organoleptiques et la composition des aliments : c'est le principe d'inertie du Règlement no 1935/2004 du Parlement européen et du Conseil sur les MCDA. De plus, une réglementation harmonisée au niveau européen existe pour certains matériaux (cas de…

Obesogen effects after perinatal exposure of 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (Bisphenol S) in C57BL/6 mice

International audience; Bisphenol A were removed from consumer products and replaced by chemical substitutes such as Bisphenol S (BPS). Based on their structural similarity, BPS may be obesogen like Bisphenol A in mice. Our objective was to determine the impact of BPS on lipid homeostasis in C57B1/6 mice after perinatal and chronic exposure. Pregnant mice were exposed to BPS via the drinking water (0.2; 1.5; 50 mu g/kg bw/d). Treatment began at gestational day 0 and continued in offspring up to 23-weeks old. Then, offspring mice were fed with a standard or high fat diet. The body weight, food consumption, fat mass and energy expenditure were measured. A lipid load test was performed to chec…

Metabolism of n-Butyl Benzyl Phthalate in the Female Wistar Rat. Identification of New Metabolites

International audience; n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), a plasticizer used in polyvinylchloride (PVC) and other polymers, has been orally administered to female Wistar rats with four doses (150, 475, 780 and 1500 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 consecutive days. Metabolites recovered in urines were analysed by gas chromatography±mass spectrometry (GC±MS) after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Six metabolites were identi®ed. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBuP) and mono-n-benzyl phthalate (MBeP) represented respectively 29± 34% and 7±12 % of the total recovered metabolites. Hippuric acid, the main metabolite of benzoic acid, represented the second major metabolite (51±56%). Phthalic acid, benzoic acid and an o-ox…

Lemon Juice, Sesame Paste, and Autoclaving Influence Iron Bioavailability of Hummus: Assessment by an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model

Hummus, an iron-containing plant-based dish mainly made from chickpea pur&eacute

Estrogenic effects of food wrap packaging xenoestrogens and flavonoids in female Wistar rats : a comparative study

International audience; The objective of this study was to compare the estrogenicity of xenoestrogens found in food wrap packaging and phytoestrogen flavonoids. Uterotrophic and vaginal cornification assays were performed on immature and ovariectomized rats. Genistein, bisphenol F, and octylphenol were identified as estrogenic only in immature rats. Using vaginal cornification as a more specific estrogenic parameter, all tested compounds except tangeretin were active in immature rats. While apigenin and kaempferol appeared to have low estrogenic activity, they potentialized the uterotrophic effect of 17β-estradiol in immature rats. These data showed that (i) phytoestrogens like genistein ca…

In vitro cytotoxic effects of DEHP-alternative plasticizers and their primary metabolites on a L929 cell line

IF 4.208; International audience; Phthalic acid esters have been widely used to improve the plasticity of PVC medical devices. They carry a high exposure risk for both humans and the environment in clinical situations. Our study focuses on the cytotoxicity of alternative plasticizers. Postulated primary metabolites were synthesized, not being commercially available. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on L929 murine cells according to the ISO-EN 10993-5 standard design for the biocompatibility of medical devices. The tested concentrations of plasticizers (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml) covered the range likely to be found in biological fluids coming into direct contact with the medical devices. D…

FP7: The Human Submandibular Gland (HSG) cell line: a tool to study the regulation of salivary markers of bitterness perception

Abstract of flash presentation page 79

Évaluation et gestion des risques–Matériaux d’emballage à contact alimentaire

Resume Les materiaux d’emballage a contact alimentaire jouent un role incontournable en matiere de conservation et de protection des denrees. Ils se caracterisent aussi par une innovation constante comme le developpement des materiaux actifs et intelligents. Enfin, ils ont une fonction marketing tres importante et se doivent d’etre valorisables. L’aptitude des materiaux a entrer en contact avec les aliments est menee sur les constituants de depart introduits dans une formulation (reglement europeen n° 1935/2004). L’objectif de cette publication consiste a etudier comment mieux apprehender le risque lie aux produits neoformes apparaissant au cours du procede de fabrication de l’emballage ou …

The consequences of physical post-treatments (microwave and electron-beam) on food/packaging interactions: A physicochemical and toxicological approach

IF 4.052; The safety of microwave and electron-beam treatments has been demonstrated, in regards to the formation of reaction products that could endanger human health. An integrated approach was used combining the potential toxicity of all the substances likely to migrate to their chemical characterizations. This approach was applied to polypropylene (PP) films prepared with a selection of additives. Components were identified by liquid and gas chromatography using a mass selective detector system. Their potential toxicity was assessed using three in vitro short-term bioassays and their migrations were carried out using a standards-based approach. After the electron-beam treatment some add…

Genotoxicity assessment of a polycarbonate sol-gel coating and its precursors intended to be used for food contact