Educational costing and financing in developing countries : focus on Sub-saharan Africa

1984

The paper analyzes issues in the costs and financing of education in developing countries. It focuses primarily on Sub-Saharan Africa, and within that on francophone west africa. After evaluating the educational cost data used in internationale comparisons, the paper focuses on the special situation of African Countries, most of which experience severe financial constraints in their effort to achieve educational goals. It examines the potential for, first, reducing unit costs as a way of increasing enrollment within an existing budget, and second, tapping private resources of financing for education. The overall conclusion is that although the financial prospects are rather bleak in the poo…

PHOSPHORORGANISCHE VERBINDUNGEN 115 WEGE ZUM ANALYTISCHEN NACHWEIS VON VERBINDUNGEN MIT DER P(O)F- UND P(O)SR-GRUPPE

1984

Abstract Acridine-9-hydroxamicacid 5 is suitable for the analytical detection of the model phosphorylfluorides 7 by fluorescence. The model compounds are rearranged according to Lossen and degradated to the fluorescent 9-aminoacridine 6 using defined reaction conditions. Thiophospho-S-esters (with diethyl-thiophosphinicacid-S-butylester 8 as a model compound) are cleaved to the corresponding phosphoryl-fluorides (a) and mercaptanes (b) by fluorolysis. (a) is identified qualitatively with acridine-9-hydroxamicacid 5, (b) by the Ellman-reaction. Zum Fluoreszenznachweis der Modellphosphorylfluoride 7 ist Acridin-9-hydroxamsaure 5 geeignet. Die Modellverbindungen 7 werden unter Einhaltung defin…

Anaphylatoxic peptide C3a of complement and synthetic hexapeptide C3a 72–77 evoke thromboxane generation by macrophages

1984

Flavones, sesquiterpene lactones and glycosides isolated from Centaurea aspera var. Stenophylla

1984

Abstract From the alcoholic extract of Centaurea aspera var. stenophylla benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, apigenin, 6-methoxyluteolin, 11,13-dehydromelitensin, melitensin, stenophyliolide, ethyl-7-O-apigenin-glucuronate and the glucosides of sitosterol and stigmasterol were isolated and characterized. Stenophyllolide was shown to be 9,15-dihydroxygermacra-1(10),4,11-trien-12,6-olide.

Mineralverwitterung, tonmineralbildung und rubefizierung in Terrae calcis der slowakei Ein beitrag zum paläoklimatischen aussagewert von kalkstein-Ro…

1984

Mineral weathering, clay mineral formation and rubefication of Terrae calcis in Slovakia — A contribution to paleoclimatic evidence of limestone Rotlehm (terra rossa) in Central Europe Limestone Rotlehm (Terra rossa) is very often interpreted as a product of intensive mineral weathering and clay formation under subtropic (to tropic) climate. Especially the formation of hematite in soils as the main process of rubefication is generally believed to occur only in warm climates with a seasonal alternation of precipitation and drought. Fossil or relict Terrae rossae in Central Europe are therefore very often considered as witnesses of a corresponding paleoclimate. On the other side many authors …

Collision orbits in the oblate planet problem

1984

Some of the properties of the oblate planet problem are derived. We use the technique of blowing up the singularity to study the collision orbits. We define some families of them in terms of their asymptotic behavior.

Circulating immune complexes and platelet thromboxane synthesis in patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus

1984

Platelets from diabetic subjects with circulating immune complexes (CIC) synthesized greater amounts of thromboxane than did platelets from CIC-negative patients or controls. In view of the known action of CIC on platelet function, a relationship between these two factors may be suggested in the initiation and progression of microangiopathy in diabetes.

Effect of hyperthermia on tumor blood flow.

1984

Differences in blood perfusion rates between tumors and normal tissue can be utilized to selectively heat many solid tumors. Blood flow in normal tissues is considerably increased at temperatures commonly applied during localized hyperthermia. In contrast, tumor blood flow may respond to localized heat typically in two different blood flow patterns: Flow may either decrease continuously with increasing exposure time and/or temperature or flow may exhibit a transient increase followed by a decline. A decrease in blood flow at high thermal doses can be observed in most of the tumors, whereas an increase in flow at low thermal doses seems to occur less frequently. The inhibition of blood flow …

Phenolate complexes of iron(III) in dimethylsulphoxide solution

1984

The formation of complexes between Fe3+ and 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and 4-methylphenol is studied in dimethylsulphoxide solution. The reaction proceeds almost to completion and the occurrence, in solution, of complexes with higher stoichiometry than 1∶1 is reported for the first time. The following stability constants are determined (25 °C, 0.1 M KClO4): FeIII-2,4-dinitrophenolate β1=1.8×103, β2=4.4×105; FeIII-4-nitrophenolate β1=1.10×107, β2=2.5×1012 β3=3.9×1016; FeIII-4-methylphenolate β=1.7×1012.

Recovering the cost of public higher education in LDCs : to what extent are loan schemes an efficient instrument ?

1984

référence interne : 84022; ln many LDCs today, the education sector is still characterized by relatively low levels of enrollment. On the other hand, however, expansion in the public provision of education is limited by constraints in the public budget. To overcome this problem, various strategies could be considered, among which is the implementation of cost recovery policies. ln this paper, we have argued that higher education would be a suitable candidate ror such policies. Cost recovery at this level of education would be helpful, not only because of its potential effect on resource mobilization, but also because it would boost efficiency and equity in the overall distribution of public…

F-algebraic extensions of rings

1984

Hemodilution in isolated tumor perfusion.

1984

Experiments are performed to study the influence of local hemodilution on tumor blood flow, oxygen availability in tumor tissue and O2 consumption of cancer cells. The results obtained clearly show that hemodilution in isolated tumor perfusion can distinctly improve nutritive blood flow through solid tumors. This can be utilized to enhance pharmacokinetics of antitumor drugs. Due to the improved metabolic status, the pharmacodynamics of some antitumor drugs should also be enhanced. To achieve a maximum improvement of the O2 supply to the tumor, hematocrit values should not be decreased below 0.20.

Free and bound hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the cutin of Quercus suber leaves

1984

Abstract The number of free and bound hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of the cutin of Quercus suber leaves was investigated by the lithium borohydride hydrogenolysis of mesyl-cutin compared with the lithium borohydride hydrogenolysis of untreated cutin. Fifty per cent of the vic -diol groups of the trihydroxy C 18 acid component and twenty five per cent of the secondary hydroxyl groups of the dihydroxy C 16 acid component are free. The rest of the secondary and all of the primary hydroxyl groups are esterified; all carboxyl groups are esterified.

Una fauna de foraminíferos en el Mioceno continental de la localidad de Buñol (provincia de Valencia)

1984

A fauna of benthonic forarninifera was found in the continental Miocene from Buñol (Valencia, Spain). This fauna was considered as autochthonous, Two species were identified: <i>Rosalina douvillei</i>(CUSHMAN) and <i>Quinqueloculinai seminula</i> (LINNÉ). A few number of planktonic individuals were found. These individuals were refered to the species <i>Globorotalia</i> cf. <i>mayeri</i> CUSHMAN & ELLISOR. The paleoenvironmental characteristics of this outcrops, taken into account the information obtained from benthonic foraminifera, and the bioestratigraphic data obtained from planktonic foraminifera are discussed.<br><br>En e…

Involvement of phospholipid metabolism in the events of the oxidative burst of granulocytes

1984

In summary we provide now evidence for specific interactions between the phospholipid metabolism and the oxidative burst. Lysophosphatidylcholine-like molecules showed specific enhancement of the oxidative burst and the capacity to replace phospholipase A2 function. Our findings might be useful in further studying the events occurring on the way from receptor stimulation to activation of the oxidative burst.

Randomized Comparative Trial with Ceftizoxime and Cefotaxime in Urinary Tract Infections

1984

Ceftizoxime, a new, semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, is not metabolized in man and is excreted almost entirely as the original active compound in the urine. The efficacy and safety of ceftizoxime were assessed in 80 patients with acute and chronic urinary infections, with and without associated pathological conditions, in comparison with cefotaxime. Two dosage schedules, 1 g or 0.5 g every 12 h, i.v. or i.m. for 10 days, were adopted according to the severity of each case and to separate randomization tables for each schedule; causal agents were all sensitive to both drugs in vitro. The overall results were excellent. Safety was excellent in almost all cases. In this t…

Is abdominal compression a useful stimulation test for analysis of lower esophageal sphincter function?

1984

The change in pressure of competent and incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) due to abdominal compression is still a controversial subject. Therefore, we studied the effect of sustained (SAC) and intermittent (IAC) abdominal compression on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normals (N), patients with hiatus hernia (HH), and patients with scleroderma (S). When resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure exceeded 15 mm Hg, response to SAC and IAC was similar in patients with HH and in normals. On the other hand when basal LESP was below 15 mm Hg, stimulated sphincter pressure during IAC was significantly lower than during SAC. Values recorded during SAC were also falsely hi…

Cyclometallation reactions in complexes of the type Rh(oq)(CO)[P(o-BrC6F4)Ph2]. The molecular structure of F4)Ph2] (oq = 8-hydroxyquinolinate)

1984

Cyclometallation occurs when a solution of the complex Rh(oq)(CO)(PCBr), (PCBr = 2-bromo-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyldiphenylphosphine; oq = 8-hydroxyquinolinate) in toluene is refluxed, giving Rh(oq)2(PC) (PC = P(C6F4)(C6H5)2) and a dimeric compound, not yet completely characterized, formulated as Rh2Br(oq)(PCBr)2. Rh(oq)2(PC) was characterized by elemental analysis, by conductance measurements, and by 19F, 31P NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Its molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray methods and refined by standard procedures to final agreement factors R and Rw of 0.067 and 0.060 for 5346 observed data. Lattice constants are 15.8494(6), 14.7188(5), 14.6675(5) A and β 96.93…

Structure and stereochemistry of stenophyllolide, a germacrolide from Centaurea aspera var. Stenophylla

1984

Abstract A crystalline compound, named stenophyllolide, obtained from an extract of Centaurea aspera var. stenophylla was shown to be 9β,15-dihydroxygermacra-1(10),4,11-trien-6α,12-olide by X-ray analysis. The molecular structure of stenophyllolide was solved with orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , a = 11.719 (5), b = 13.389 (5), c = 8.646 (5) A for Z = 4, by direct methods and refined to a final R of 0.06 for 1198 observed reflections.

Psychophysical response to electrocutaneous stimulation.

1984

A method is presented to determine a reliable stimulus-sensation relationship particularly suitable for electrocutaneous stimulation. An experimental intensity-discrimination curve was obtained through simple psychophysical comparison tasks, and sensory response was inferred from integration of a JND's density function. The psychophysical response resembles a power law, although departures cannot be described in terms of a unique exponent. An estimate of binary information capacity per electrode is also given as a feature of a stimulation procedure that preserves a low value of the size-intensity product.

Separation of plasma membrane proteins of cultured human fibroblasts by affinity chromatography on bonded microparticulate silicas.

1984

Abstract Adsorbents for high-performance affinity chromatography were prepared by bonding proteins and reactive Procion triazine dyes to 3-isothiocyanatopropyl- and 3-aminopropylsilicas. The materials prepared were used successfully in the separation of hydrophobic plasma membrane proteins of cultured human fibroblasts. The data obtained show that the reaction of 3-isothiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ITCPS) with the surface hydroxyl groups of silica yields a new and convenient route to preparing an “activated carrier” that is capable of coupling with potential affinity ligands containing amino functional groups. The reaction and bonding procedures of 3-isothiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane a…

The effect of an 1100 km run on testicular, adrenal and thyroid hormones

1984

Although endocrine effects of physical or psychological stress are well documented, it is not known to what extent adaptation to prolonged exertion occurs. We therefore investigated the impact of an 1100 km run of 20 days' duration on selected pituitary, testicular, adrenal and thyroid hormones. Blood samples were obtained from five male athletes prior to and after the day's run on the 1st, 5th, 9th, 14th and 19th day. Results show that adrenal and thyroid function soon adapt to the daily strain. Testosterone levels, however, were markedly decreased throughout the 20 days while LH levels remained unchanged. Thus it appears that the reproductive endocrine system is more susceptible to long-t…

TRANSPLANTATION AND IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN-AGGLUTININ SEPARATED MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS

1984

In human bone marrow allotransplantation, an in vitro method using soybean agglutinin(SBA) for enrichment of stem cells and depletion of mature T cells in the graft has been described (Reisner et al.;Lancet 2:1320,1980).To define the quality of the method,mouse spleen cells (C3H, C57/B6,BALB/c)containing about 30% of mature T cells were separated by SBA.The composition and functional capacity of the cell fraction known to contain the stem cells were characterized in vitro after each of two SBA-separation steps.In addition, the ability of the cell fraction to reconstitute successfully allogeneic irradiated (900R) mice was investigated. Only the two step SBA-separation procedure yielded satis…

Endurance training and antioxidants of lung

1984

Mice and rats were adjusted to daily treadmill training programs, which were heavy enough to increase the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles. Endurance training did not affect the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of vitamin E in the lungs of mice and rats. Thus increased ventilation and oxygen utilization induced by exercise training do not modify lung antioxidants, in contrast to hyperoxia and hypoxia.

false

1984

Different polymeric transport systems for biologically active substances are presented. In the past, most of the reviews on polymeric drugs dealt with pharmaca, fixed to conventional water-soluble polymers. Naturally occuring transport proteins with their complex features have recently been imitated by micellar solubilized polymers. Polymerized liposomes from polymerizable lipids can be regarded as vesicular solubilized polymers and are discussed as stable models for biomembranes. By insertion of glycolipids, these liposomes are rendered susceptible to specific recognition by proteins. When natural or cleavable synthetic lipids are incorporated into polymerizable membranes, phase-separation…

Über gemischte bindungen in der IV. Hauptgruppe

1984

Abstract The reaction of Ph 3 PbLi with Ph 3 SnCl or Ph 3 GeCl gives Ph 3 PbSnPh 3 and Ph 2 PbGePh 3 , respectively; there is no reaction with Ph 3 SiCl. Ph 3 SiLi reacts with Ph 3 PbCl to form a regular 1 : 1 Pb 2 Ph 6 · Si 2 Ph 6 phase. The compounds have been investigated by mass, NMR and vibrational spectra: 207 Pb NMR chemical shifts with respect to PbMe 2 −79.8 (Pb 2 Ph 6 ), −256.5 (Ph 3 PbSnPh 3 ), −271.5 ppm (Ph 3 PbGePh 3 ); stretching vibrations 112 (PbPb), 125 (PbSn), 138 cm −1 (PbGe). The crystal structures have been determined and refined to R = 0.061 (Ph 3 PbSnPh 3 , −40°C), 0.053 (Ph 3 PbGePh 3 , −50°C), 0.068 (Pb 2 Ph 6 · Si 2 Ph 6 , 20°C); bond lengths 285 (PbPb),…

Analysis of the (H-2b x H-2k)F1Restricted Response to Insulin.

1984

The aim of these studies was to characterize the (H-2b X H-2k)F1-unique restriction element(s) responsible for presentation of bovine insulin (BI) to a long-term cultured T-cell line (BK-BI-1.2). (B10.BR X bm12)F1 spleen cells, which express a normal Ab alpha Ak beta molecule but a mutated Ak alpha Abm12 beta product on their cell surface, were perfectly able to act as BI-presenting cells. Antibody inhibition experiments with antibodies directed at I-Ak products revealed that monoclonal antibody 10-2.16, which reacts with the Ak beta polypeptide chain, abrogated BI-directed T-cell proliferation, whereas antibody H116-32.R5 with specificity for the Ak alpha chain was not inhibitory. These re…

Isotopeneffekte bei chemischen Reaktionen. Von Alfred V. Willi. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1983. X, 180 S., geb. DM 80.00

1984

Phosphorylation of rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 LM2 and its effect on monooxygenase activity

1984

The phosphorylation of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 LM2 by catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (W. Pyerin et al. (1983) Carcinogenesis 4, 573) has now been studied in detail with purified soluble form of cytochrome P-450 as well as with the purified protein incorporated into model membranes. The apparent Km values for P-450 of the phosphorylation reaction in all experimental systems were in a range of 2-8 microM, while the Vmax values were dependent on the state of P-450. Upon phosphorylation, the reconstituted enzyme activities with benzphetamine (N-demethylation) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (O-deethylation) as substrates were reduced to 30-40% of control.

Electronically induced trapping of hydrogen by impurities in niobium

1984

The binding energies of hydrogen and its isotopes to substitutional impurities Ti, Cr, and V in niobium have been calculated. The hydrogen-metal interaction is based on the effective-medium theory. The wave mechanics of the hydrogenic interstitials are explicity dealt with, and the lattice distortion created by the hydrogen is incorporated through the method of lattice statics. The difference in the electronic structure between impurity and host atoms is shown to be largely responsible for the binding of hydrogen to the impurities. The results are in agreement with recent inelastic neutron scattering experiments. Peer reviewed

Microorganisms in the Space Environment

1984

Preliminary results of the Spacelab 1 experiment on the response of Bacillus subtilis spores to conditions of free space are presented. Exposure to the vacuum of space on the Spacelab pallet reduced viability counts about 50 percent and increased mutation frequencies by a factor of about 10. Interpretation of apparent differences in the photobiological and photochemical data between flight and ground simulation experiments will require more statistical analyses and data from actual fluence measurements.

Effects of rectilinear acceleration and optokinetic and caloric stimulations in space.

1984

During the flight of Spacelab 1 the crew performed a number of experiments to explore changes in vestibular function and visual-vestibular interactions on exposure to microgravity. Measurements were made on the threshold for detection of linear oscillation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes elicited by angular and linear movements, oculomotor and posture responses to optokinetic stimulations, and responses to caloric stimulation. Tests were also conducted on the ground, during the 4 months before and on days 1 to 6 after flight. The most significant result was that caloric mystagmus of the same direction as on the earth could also be evoked in the weightless environment.

Aspects économiques de l'introduction des nouvelles technologies de l'information dans l'éducation

1984

International audience

Economics aspects of the introduction of new information technologies in education

1984

Traduction de la communication de Jean-Claude Eicher, "Aspects économiques de l'introduction des nouvelles technologies de l'information dans l'éducation"; International audience

PHOSPHORORGANISCHE VERBINDUNGEN 1121REAKTIVITÄT UND SELEKTIVITÄT VON VINYLPHOSPHONIUMSALZEN UND VINYLPHOSPHINOXIDEN GEGENÜBER NUCLEOPHILEN

1984

Abstract As a result of competition reactions triphenylvinylphosphonium bromide 1 is SH-selective. But the reactivity is significantly reduced in comparison to the vinyl sulfones. The elimination reaction (b) is also slowed down compared with the cleavage of the corresponding sulfones. In diphenylvinylphosphine oxide 2 the SH-selectivity is preserved. The rate of the reactions (a) and (b) is so extremely slow that 2 has no chance as a SH-protective reagent. Triphenyl-vinylphosphoniumbromid 1 reagiert in Konkurrenzversuchen mit RXH (X=O, S, NH) SH-selektiv bei deutlich reduzierter Reaktivitat im Vergleich zu den Vinylsulfonen. Auch die Eliminierung nach (b) verlauft langsamer als bei analoge…

The metabolic status of internal intensive care patients as indicated by 3-methylhistidine excretion and nitrogen balance

1984

Abstract The metabolic status of 15 intensive care patients receiving a standardized total parenteral nutrition regimen was followed up to 15 days immediately after admission by measuring 3-methylhistidine, total nitrogen, and creatinine excretion. The average 3-methylhistidine excretion was within the normal range during the first 3 days, rising on day 4 and reached a maximum of 70% above normal values on day 5. It declined to within normal range thereafter in most of the patients. Mean values for creatinine excretion remained relatively constant within the normal range throughout the study. During all days 3-methylhistidine was negatively correlated with N-balance. It is concluded that th…