In-mouth air cavity volume changes and aroma release during mint consumption in human

Poster; International audience

Inter-individual retronasal aroma release variability during cheese consumption: Role of food oral processing

The aim of our study was to explain inter-individual differences on in vivo aroma release during cheese consumption by oral physiological parameters. To reach this objective, 34 subjects were recruited. Their salivary flow, oral volume and velum opening were determined. Six cheddar-based melted cheeses with different fat levels and firmness were flavoured with nonan-2-one.(NO) and ethyl propanoate (EP). During their consumption (free protocol), in vivo retro nasal aroma release was followed by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical lonisation-Mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS). Chewing activity was evaluated by electromyography recordings. Bolus saliva content, mouth-coating, and bolus rheology were also d…

Chocolates classification according to their volatile compounds fingerprints measured by PTR-ToF-MS

Dark chocolates develop several organoleptic characteristics depending on cocoa origin, cocoa variety and fabrication process. These parameters influence the chemical composition of the chocolates, and among other components volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for aroma mainly determine their sensory perception. Sensory evaluation is able to discriminate chocolates with various organoleptic properties. Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) is capable of monitoring VOCs released in foodstuffs headspace at ppb level in real time. But is PTR-MS able to discriminate chocolates as sensory analysis does? To answer this question, 192 dark chocolates produced from cocoa bean…

Organoleptic propoerties of dark chocolates investigated by direct-injection mass spectrometry (PTR-To-MS) and GC-olfactometry

15. Weurman Flavour Research Symposium ; Graz (Autriche) - (2017-09-18 - 2017-09-22); International audience; A preliminary sensory study conducted on a set of 187 dark chocolates varying in terms of cocoa origin and variety allowed their classification into four distinct sensory categories. Fingerprints in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of these chocolates wereobtained by a direct-injection mass spectrometry headspace method using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). This chemical analysis allowed discriminating the four sensory poles, so the sensory discrimination seemed to be mainly based on volatile compounds. Then, the key odorants responsible for chocolates differen…

Association between degree of processing, glycaemic impact, satiety potential and nutrient profile of 279 ready-to-eat foods commonly consumed by French elderly population

International audience; Epidemiological studies clearly show that a high adherence to ultra-processed products is associated with increased prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases. Ultra-processed foods are made of recombined ingredients and added with various additives. They are also characterized by the loss of food structure and micronutrient density through refining. Yet, food structure plays an essential role in food glycaemic impact and satiety potential. In a preliminary study, we showed on 98 ready-to-eat foods usually consumed by diabetic subjects that the more foods are processed the higher their glycaemic impact and the lower their satiety potential. The objective of this stu…

Solid cheese consumption: Quantification of oral coating

International audience; Mouth coating, defined as the residual food that sticks to the oral surface after food ingestion, plays an important role in both the delivery of food components and mouth feel and after-feel perceptions. The aim of this work was to adapt a rapid and simple instrumental method to the quantification of food remaining after the in vivo ingestion of a solid food. This method was investigated in 12 non-trained subjects who consumed four melted cheeses differing in terms of their fat and water contents. Mouth coating was determined by fluorescence measurements using curcumin, an oil-soluble dye that had been added to the cheeses during their preparation. The results obtai…

In vivo aroma release by APCI-MS and PTR-MS: impact of water content of exhaled air and evidence for competition between aroma compounds

Livre ISBN-13 : 978-3-902811-91-2; International audience; Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) or proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) has been in use frequently for in vivo aroma release studies. In APCI-MS, protonated water clusters formed from moisture in the expired air are used as reagent ions. Yet the influence of a change in relative water content in the ionization gas on the data collected have been rarely studied and conflicting results were obtained. In this context our first objective was to study the impact of water content of the expired air on the level of aroma release measured by APCI-MS and to compare with the results obtained…

Kinetics of aroma release: what are interactions between subjects, products and aroma compounds?

International audience

Model cheese aroma perception is explained not only by in vivo aroma release but also by salivary composition and oral processing parameters

This advance article is part of themed collection: Structure & Sensory.; International audience; The aim of the present paper was to determine, from four model cheeses differing in fat content and firmness and consumed by fourteen well characterised subjects, the respective impacts of in vivo aroma release, bolus rheology, chewing activity, mouth coating and salivary composition on dynamic aroma perception. The originality of the approach is that it considers all the parameters together and is able to evaluate their relative contribution using multi-block partial least square (MB-PLS) regression. The fruity aroma perception of the more hydrophilic compound (ethyl propanoate) was related to …

Combined effect of cheese characteristics and food oral processing onin vivoaroma release

The aim of this work was to clarify the influence of the properties (firmness and fat content) of a solid processed model cheese on in vivo aroma release while considering the role of the in-mouth process during both mastication and post-swallowing steps, and the hydrophobicity of aroma compounds, on a large number of well characterized subjects. In vivo aroma release was studied on 44 subjects who freely consumed six processed model cheeses flavoured with the same concentration of nonan-2-one and ethyl propanoate. Globally, an increase in firmness induced an increase in chewing duration, amount of saliva incorporated into the food bolus, total amount of aroma released and rate of release. …

Le confort en bouche : Un concept pour mieux comprendre les attentes des consommateurs

L1: Oral processing behaviours and retronasal aroma release variability during cheese consumption in human

Abstract of oral presentation

Using food comfortability to compare food's sensory characteristics expectations of elderly people with or without oral health problems

International audience; Food consumption is by far the most important point where food's organoleptic properties can be perceived and can elicit sensory pleasure. Ageing is often accompanied by oral impairments. Those impairments may impact food perception by changing texture perception and the release of flavor components, which have a significant impact on food acceptability. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of oral health on the perception of food comfortability in an elderly population. This was achieved by asking elderly people with a good oral health and elderly people with poor oral health to rate six cereal products and six meat products using a food comfortability q…

Dark chocolates organoleptic differences: a PTR-ToF-MS success story

International audience; Aroma of dark chocolate depends on process and cocoa origin and variety. Repeated sensory analyses of standardized chocolates produced from various cocoa beans batches using a standard fabrication process allowed classifying them into four sensory categories. These categories were confirmed in a PTR-ToF-MS analysis of the volatilome of 206 chocolate samples through supervised multivariate data analyses (PLS-DA). Variable selection using dedicated methods pinpointed some volatile compounds important for the discrimination of the chocolates. Moreover, the nosespace of a subset of chocolates was measured by twelve assessors using PTR-ToF-MS with simultaneous determinati…

Inter-individual variability in aroma release during sweet mint consumption

Inter-individual variations of in vivo aroma release kinetics have been observed widely in the literature. However, the corresponding causes are yet to be clearly identified. For this purpose, 68 subjects in whom salivary flow rates (at rest and Parafilm™-stimulated) had been determined were recruited for the study. The release of menthone was measured using atmospheric pressure ionisation–mass spectrometry during the consumption of a sweet mint tablet. The subjects complied with an imposed protocol of oral movements. Inter-individual variability was investigated through a qualitative analysis of the oral movements inducing menthone release, and through quantitative analysis. Swallowing eve…

Understanding aroma release from model cheeses by a statistical multiblock approach on oral processing

For human beings, the mouth is the first organ to perceive food and the different signalling events associated to food breakdown. These events are very complex and as such, their description necessitates combining different data sets. This study proposed an integrated approach to understand the relative contribution of main food oral processing events involved in aroma release during cheese consumption. In vivo aroma release was monitored on forty eight subjects who were asked to eat four different model cheeses varying in fat content and firmness and flavoured with ethyl propanoate and nonan-2-one. A multiblock partial least square regression was performed to explain aroma release from the…

Nosespace of dark chocolates differing in sensory characteristics using PTR-TOF-MS and link to flavour perception through simultaneous Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS)

International audience; Aroma of dark chocolate depends on process and cocoa origin and variety. Repeated sensory analyses of standardized chocolates produced from various cocoa beans using a standard fabrication process allowed classifying them in four sensory categories. These categories were confirmed in a PTR-MS analysis of the volatilome of 206 chocolate samples [1]. The objective here was to study the nosespace of a subset of chocolates simultaneously with their temporal profile to better explain the sensory categorization at a perception level. A Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) evaluation of 8 chocolates (2 selected per category) was done in triplicate by 12 subjects while the…

Retro-nasal aroma release is correlated with variations in the in-mouth air cavity volume after empty deglutition.

International audience; We hypothesized that interindividual differences in motor activities during chewing and/or swallowing were determining factors for the transfer of volatile aroma from the in-mouth air cavity (IMAC) toward the olfactory mucosa. In our first experiment, we looked for changes in IMAC volume after saliva deglutition in 12 healthy subjects. The mean IMAC volume was measured after empty deglutition using an acoustic pharyngometer device. Based on the time course of the IMAC volume after swallowing, we discerned two groups of subjects. The first group displayed a small, constant IMAC volume (2.26 mL ±0.62) that corresponded to a high tongue position. The second group displa…

Le confort en bouche, un nouveau concept pour mieux comprendre les attentes des consommateurs seniors

International audience; In humans, oral food intake is the ultimate stage of food supply chain and the beginning of food disintegration and digestion process. During aging, the oral health changes and sometimes eating food can be a real challenge as food can be hard to masticate, humidify or swallow. To meet this challenge, and as part of the AlimaSSenS project, a team of researchers from the Centre of taste and eating behaviour investigated the concept of “oral comfort” when eating a food in an elderly population. A group of 107 seniors aged 65 years and more participated in qualitative (focus group) and quantitative studies (tasting sessions) in order to explore the concept of oral comfor…

Organoleptic properties of dark chocolates investigated by direct-injection mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and GC-MS-Olfactometry

Food comfortability: a new concept to understand elderlies' expectations in terms of sensory characteristics

Food comfortability: a new concept to understand elderlies' expectations in terms of sensory characteristics. 7. european conference on sensory and consumer research (eurosense)

In-mouth mechanisms leading to flavor release and perception.

Review; International audience; During eating, foods are submitted to two main oral processeschewing, including biting and crushing with teeth, and progressive impregnation by saliva resulting in the formation of a cohesive bolus and swallowing of the bolus. Texture influences the chewing behavior, including mastication and salivation, and in turn, these parameters influence texture perception and bolus formation. During this complex mouth process, flavor compounds are progressively released from the food matrix. This phenomenon is mainly dependent on the food texture, the composition and in-mouth breakdown, and on saliva impregnation and activity, but an individual's anatomical and physiol…

Providing choice and/or variety during a meal: Impact on vegetable liking and intake

Food choice is defined as providing the opportunity for an individual to select the food he or she wants to consume while food variety is defined as providing an individual with foods that differ on at least one sensory characteristic. Literature shows that providing food choice or providing food variety may increase meal enjoyment and food intake. However, these two factors have been mainly investigated separately, while they may actually co-occur in real-life settings. In fact, in many out-of-home catering situations, individuals have the possibility to choose as many dishes as they desire from among different proposals for their meal. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact…

Lexical and sensory analyses around the concepts of fatness and fullness in wines

Poster; International audience

The Potential Use of Raw and Deodorized Non-Conventional Protein Powder in Human Food

This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of a non-conventional protein source, a powder made from earthworms, as human food. Sensory analyses were done in order to assess the acceptability of cookies that were fortified with Eisenia foetida (Ef) protein powder. Cocoa and cinnamon were used as taste-masking agents. The acceptability of cookies fortified with deodorized Ef protein powder (off-flavor reduced) was also evaluated. We demonstrated that cocoa cookies can be fortified with 3.9% of raw Ef proteins and that cocoa/cinnamon cookies can be fortified with 5.2% of raw Ef proteins without any loss in their acceptability. Cookies fortified either with a raw protein powder or with a de…

Mouthcoating: interaction between food properties and physiology of the consumer

International audience

In vivo aroma release depends on product characteristics

Changing cheese composition (more or less fat) and texture (soft to firm) modifies in vivo release of aroma compounds as a function of their hydrophobicity. An increase in cheese firmness induced an increase in the total amount of aroma released. A higher fat content led to a lower amount of release of the more hydrophobic compound.

Providing choice amongst desserts increases food intake during a meal

Providing choice amongst desserts increases food intake during a meal. Benjamin Franklin Lafayette Seminar

Does oral health affect food comfortability and bolus properties during consumption of dairy products in elderly population?

The elderly population is growing increasingly. In 2030, 1/3 of the population will be over 60 years old. However this population has specific nutritional needs and often, oral impairments such as loss of tooth and/or decrease of salivary flow. Therefore it is necessary to develop foods adapted for the elderly, in terms of organoleptic properties and nutritional composition. In this context, the purpose of this work is to study the impact of oral impairments of elderly persons on food comfortability and bolus properties during the consumption of dairy products.76 elderly persons (ages 66 to 88, 42 women and 34 men), with or without oral health problems in terms of dental and/or salivary sta…

Nosespace PTR-MS analysis with simutaneous TDS or TCATA sensory evaluation: Release and perception of the aroma of dark chocolates differing in sensory properties

International audience; Perception of flavor is a dynamic process during which the concentration of aroma molecules at the olfactory epithelium varies with time as they are released progressively from the food in the mouth during consumption. However, how the various components combine to produce a sensory impression is still not completely understood. Real-time mass spectrometry (MS) techniques that measure aroma compounds directly in the nose (nosespace) aim at obtaining data patterns that are supposed to reflect the way aromas are released in real time during food consumption. These patterns are supposed to be representative of the retronasal stimuli perception. Real-time sensory methods…

Does oral health affect food comfortability and bolus properties during consumption of dairy products in elderly population?

The elderly population is growing increasingly. In 2030, 1/3 of the population will be over 60 years old. However this population has specific nutritional needs and often, oral impairments such as loss of tooth and/or decrease of salivary flow. Therefore it is necessary to develop foods adapted for the elderly, in terms of organoleptic properties and nutritional composition. In this context, the purpose of this work is to study the impact of oral impairments of elderly persons on food comfortability and bolus properties during the consumption of dairy products.76 elderly persons (ages 66 to 88, 42 women and 34 men), with or without oral health problems in terms of dental and/or salivary sta…

Mechanistic modeling approach as a tool to better understand in-mouth flavour release during the eating of a solid food product

International audience

Organoleptic properties of dark chocolates investigated by direct-injection mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and GC-Olfactometry

Understanding the dynamics of flavor compounds release during food mastication of cheese products in function of oral physiology

ISBN-10: 3-938896-38-9 ISBN-13: 978-3-938896-38-9; International audience

Explaining fat sensitivity in cottage cheeses by aroma re-lease and oral physiology parameters

International audience

Nose-space of dark chocolates using PTR-ToF-MS and link to flavour perception through simultaneous Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS)

International audience; Introduction: Aroma of dark chocolate depends on process and cocoa origin and variety. A sensory analysis of 206 standardized chocolates produced from various cocoa beans classified them in four sensory categories. These categories were confirmed in a PTR-MS analysis of the chocolates volatilome [1]. The objective here was to study the nosespace of a subset of chocolates simultaneously with their temporal profile to better explain the sensory categorization at a perception level. Methods: A Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) evaluation of 8 chocolates (2 selected per category) was done in triplicate by 12 subjects while the aroma released in their nose were simul…

Perception thresholds for fat in cottage cheese: inter-individual variability, aroma contribution and impact of tasting temperature

Perception thresholds for fat in cottage cheese: inter-individual variability, aroma contribution and impact of tasting temperature. 11. Pangborn sensory science symposium

The GOHAI: A new tool for panel selection

International audience

In vivo aroma release depends on the subject’s physiology and food oral processing

In vivo aroma release depends on the subject’s physiology and food oral processing

Does aroma composition allow to discriminate groups of dark chocolates categorized on the basis of their organoleptic properties? Inputs of direct-injection mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and GC-Olfactometry

International audience

Assessment of the impact of herd management on sensorial quality of Charolais heifer meat

International audience; Meat industry and some consumers often criticize beef meat because the organoleptic quality and tenderness are highly variable and difficult to predict. So, beef meat consumption could be penalized, by the marketing of an irregular quality product. * There are many livestock rearing methods in France to produce beef meat, depending on the region, the breed used, the feeding used (and so on).

Sensory, in vitro, in vivo and modeling approaches to understand salt release and perception in mouth: toward tools to design palatable and healthy foods (communication orale)

International audience; no abstract

Providing choice and/or variety on vegetables: What impact on food intake?

On the one hand, a choice situation gives an individual a sense of freedom, autonomy and control over the environment, which triggers higher intrinsic motivation and higher satisfaction (Deci and Ryan, 1985). Indeed, it has been demonstrated that a choice situation elicits higher food intake in a meal context (Rohlfs Domínguez et al., 2013; Parizel et al., 2015). On the other hand, providing variety has been demonstrated to enhance food intake. Rolls et al. (1981) argued that providing variety during a meal prevents the onset of specific sensory satiation which refers to the declining satisfaction generated by the monotonous consumption of a certain food. However, in an out-of-home catering…

Using food comfortability to compare food's sensory characteristics expectations of elderly people with or without oral health problems

Food consumption is by far the most important point where food's organoleptic properties can be perceived and can elicit sensory pleasure. Ageing is often accompanied by oral impairments. Those impairments may impact food perception by changing texture perception and the release of flavor components, which have a significant impact on food acceptability. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of oral health on the perception of food comfortability in an elderly population. This was achieved by asking elderly people with a good oral health and elderly people with poor oral health to rate six cereal products and six meat products using a food comfortability questionnaire. Thirty-sev…

Kinetics of aroma release and consumer physiology

International audience

Aroma perception in dairy products: the roles of texture, aroma release and consumer physiology. A review

Aroma perception is a determinant factor in food choices and acceptability by consumers. To be perceived, aroma compounds must be released in the mouth during food breakdown, transferred into the nasal cavity to reach the olfactory receptor and then be perceived. So, in order to control aroma perception, knowledge of the main factors that can influence in-mouth aroma release is of major importance. Focusing on dairy products, this review article investigates the factors due to: (i) food products, and mainly the influence of food composition and structure on aroma retention and release; (ii) the inter-individual variability of subjects, mainly chewing behaviour, saliva rate and composition a…

Techniques culinaires et confort en bouche chez la personne âgée

Culinary processes and food comfortability in an older population Aging is often accompanied by oral impairments, including the loss of teeth and a decline in saliva flow. These changes can lead older people to avoid the consumption of foods that are difficult to chew such as meat. This may consequently increase the risk of sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass, strength and performance) as well as the risk of protein-energy undernutrition in this population. In order to compensate the decline in oral health observed in older individual and to maintain meat consumption, we assessed the impact of four culinary processes (cooking bag, tenderizer, marinade and low-temperature cooking) on the percept…

Inter-individual differences in breath-by-breath aroma release data

International audience

Flavour release and perception

Flavour perception is a complex combination of the olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal sensations perceived during eating. During this eating process, tastants must be dissolved into saliva to be transported to the taste bud receptor cell membranes and aroma compounds have to be released in the oral cavity then transferred to the nasal cavity to reach the olfactory receptors. This release highly depends on food composition and structure, on the molecular properties of the stimuli but also on physiological characteristics of individuals and mastication behaviour. However, interactions occur between texture, taste and aroma perception at different levels: physic-chemical interactions in the f…

Texture-aroma interactions in dairy products: Do in-vivo and in-vitro aroma release explain sensory perception?

International audience; The influence of the texture on perceived aroma intensity and on in-vivo and in-vitro aroma release was investigated on three types of dairy products, prepared with different textures. Aroma release depends on in mouth breakdown of the product. The consequences of a textural modification on aroma perception were not the same for the different products. In the case of liquid to semi-liquid products (yogurt and custard dessert), in-vivo aroma release decreased when viscosity increased. For firm gels (model cheeses) in-vivo aroma release was found to increase when cheese hardness increased, but inverse results were obtained in in-vitro conditions. Thus, aroma release co…

Effet de la texture de gels riches en protéines sur la libération et la perception des arômes / Modification de la structure et impact sur la libération et la perception des arômes. Application à des systèmes fromagers modèles

 Partenaires industriels : Fromageries Bel / Soredab / Aromalyse; L’objectif de notre travail est d’étudier les interactions texture-arôme au sein de matrices riches en protéines. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point trois matrices type « fromage frais » de compositions identiques mais ayant des textures significativement différentes. Ces matrices, à base de protéines de lait, sont obtenues par gélification lactique ou mixte avec différentes doses de présure, et sont aromatisées avec un arôme « fromage » contenant dix composés. A partir de ces matrices caractérisées rhéologiquement, une étude « Nosespace » a été réalisée par APCI-MS (Spectrométrie de Masse avec Ionisation Chimique à Pression …

Physico-chemical characterisation of a non-conventional food protein source from earthworms and sensory impact in arepas

International audience; This study aimed to characterise a non-conventional protein source: a powder made from earthworms, and to evaluate its potential use as human food. The way it was prepared led to low solubility and wide particle size distribution. Sensory analysis was used to assess the acceptability and the organoleptic properties of maize-based pan-cakes fortified with this novel protein powder. Satisfying products were obtained with a substitution level of 5.5% (w/w) earthworm powder in pan-cakes. GC-MS allowed the identification of more than seventy volatile compounds that may be responsible for the off-odour of the powder. The most abundant chemical groups found in the volatile …

Does oral health people imparirments modify bolus formation, bolus characteristics and food comfortability of meat products?

International audience; Ageing is often accompanied by oral impairments like tooth loss or decrease saliva flow that play a key role in eating behavior. In the context of aging population, the aim of this study is 1- to understand the influence of dental status and salivary flow on the meat bolus formation and characteristics in function of meat structure, 2- to investigate the link between the food bolus properties and the food comfortability (as defined by (Vandenbergue-Descamps et al., 2017)) during meat consumption. This was achieved by asking elderly people (n=65) with good oral health (17H, 16F, age=73±6, UFP n=8±1) or poor oral health (15H, 17F, age=75±6, UFP n=3±1) to consume 4 meat…

Étude des interactions texture-arômes dans des matrices fromagères: approche physicochimique et sensorielle

National audience